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Understanding Early Islamic Leadership and Expansion

This homework assignment focuses on Chapter 10, Section 2, from our textbook, covering early Islamic leadership after Muhammad's death. Students are tasked with defining key terms related to the Caliphate, such as Caliphs, Jihad, and the major sects within Islam. Additionally, they should correct any mistakes from their quizzes and ensure all assignments are documented in their notebooks. The lesson explores how the first Caliphs managed internal conflicts and expanded Islam’s influence across three continents following Muhammad's death.

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Understanding Early Islamic Leadership and Expansion

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  1. Homework due today Part I • From the text book, read chapter 10, section 2, pages 269 – 271 stopping at Control Extends over Three Continents define the following terms from the reading in your notebook: • Caliphs Sufi • Jihad (not in bold) Abbasids • “people of the book” (not in bold) • Umayyads • Sunni • Shi’a

  2. Homework due Thursday Part II • Correct any mistakes on your quiz. It will be checked next class. • Go through your notes and make sure you have all of these assignments in your notebook. • Tonight & Wednesday are catch up days

  3. New Material • Following Muhammad’s death, followers realized they needed a new leader to replace Muhammad, but he did not declare who should take over. • His followers choose Abu-Bakr to be Caliph or successor. He was one of Muhammad’s first converts. • After Abu-Bak there were three others (Umar, Uthman, Ali). They were collectively known as the “rightly-guided.” Their rule was called “Caliphate”

  4. New Material • After Muhammad’s death Abu-Bak took over. Part of the reasoning was that many of the tribes / clans on the Arab Peninsula abandoned Islam. Others refused to pay taxes and some former followers began to state their were the next prophet after Muhammad. • Abu-Bak declared a “jihad” meaning struggle. It has multiple meanings, basically allows Muslims to take up arms against those that threaten Islam. Abu-Bak used it to expand Islam’s influence. • By Abu-Bak’s death, Islam covered / controlled all of the Arab Peninsula. Under the next Caliphate (Umar), Muslim armies conquered Syria & Lower Egypt. These were controlled by the Byzantine Empire.

  5. New Material • Under the next two Caliphates, Islam controlled 6000 miles from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean. • Their success was due to a few factors: • 1. They were well organized, well trained and well lead. • 2. The Empires they battled were in slow decline and so very weak and unable to defend themselves. • 3. The Byzantine & Sassanid Empires were harsh rulers. People saw Islam as much less oppressive. • 4. Those that converted to Islam, did not pay taxes so many people converted. Those that did not convert were fre to practice, but had to pay a tax.

  6. Internal Conflicts • Internal Conflicts • In 656, Uthman was murdered sparking a civil war. Remember, in Islam there is not suppose to be a leader, but Islam was under attack and this caused internal conflict too. • Ali

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