1. Islamic History Muhammad to Modernity

2. Chronology of Early Caliphs • Muhammad: 570 to 632 • Abu Bakr – 632 to 634 • 1st caliph & Muhammad’s father-in-law • Elected caliph • Umar – 634 to 644 • Assassinated • Uthman – 644 to 656 • Published the Qur’an • Assassinated • Ali – 656 to 661 • Married to Fatimah • Assassinated • Mu’awiya – 661 to 680 • Part of Umaayad family • Accused Ali of Uthman’s assassination • War Ali assassinated • Capitol goes to Damascus • “Umaayad Caliphate”(661-750CE) • Causes Sunni/Shiite split • Abu’ al-Abbas 750-754 • Starts Abbasid caliphate • Al-Mansur 754-775 • Moves capitol to Baghdad

3. Sunni/Shiite Split • Uthman is assassinated (656), Ali becomes caliph, Ali is assassinated 5 years later. • Debate is Over Authority to Interpret Qur’an and Sunna • Sunni Believe in the “Ulama” (religious scholars) and Caliphate • Shiite Believe in Ali and Ali’s Successors and Imamate • Civil war (Mu’awiya vs. Ali) results in Ali’s assassination & establishment of the Umaayad Dynasty (the 1st “state”) • At Ali’s Funeral

4. Turks & Mongols • In 900’s, Turks appeared and started converting to Islam • Turks overran Persia 1020-30 – Baghdad Fell in 1055(Abbasids become puppet regime) • Turks Defended Islam During Crusades (1099-1187) • Mongols Invade (1219-1295) • Chinggis Khan • Hulegu Khan Defeated the Abbasids in 1258 • Ghazan Khan Converts (1295) and Establishes the Khanate • Rules mostly through Persian viziers

5. Ottoman Empire (1299-1923) • Osman Rises to Power in 1299 • Expands & Defeats Constantinople in 1453. Istanbul Becomes the Ottoman Capitol • Mehmet Works Out Compromise w/Orthodox Church(Christian religious autonomy for Ottoman political rule) • Expansion and Dominance in 16th Century • Stagnation and Political Westernization 17th-19th Century

6. Western Imperialism and WW I • Britain Starts Colonizing North African and Middle Eastin Late 19th Century • WW I Destroys the Ottoman Empire(Ottoman secret treaty w/Germany against Russia) • Launches a Period of Arab Nationalism (Islamic Brotherhood/backlash to secularism/British rule)

7. WW II and Cold War Aftermath • Middle East / N. Africa fought over in WWII for oil • Aftermath of WW II leads to • U.N. and Establishment of Israel • End of European Imperialism and establishment of Arab national states • Increase in Cold War tensions(Eastern block, western block, and non-aligned nations) • Increasing economic power of Arab states due to OIL

8. Israel • In aftermath of the holocaust, U.N. and England decide to establish the state of Israel in British controlled Palestine. • Intent is to

9. Iran, the CIA, and the Hostage Crisis • Operation Ajax (1953) • Shah of Iran (1954-1979) • Hostage Crisis, Ayatollah Khoemeni, and the Islamic State • Iraq and Saddam Hussein • Iran Iraq War • Current Tensions (Hezbollah, and Nuclear Weapons)

10. Afghanistan and al-Qaeda • Nomadic/Tribal Muslims • Soviet Invasion in 1980 • U.S. Trained and Supported Opposition • Opposition Won and then Turned on U.S./West