1. UNIT 23ECONOMIC BIOLOGY

2. Horticulture • BioManuring • Biofertilizers • Medicinal Plants • Mushroom Cultivation • Hydroponics • Aeroponics • Aquaponics • Dairy Farming • Aqua Culture • Piciculture • Prawn Culture • Vermitechnology • Apiculture Unit 23

3. HORICULTURE It deals with cultivation of Fruits Vegetables Ornamental plants. Four main classes Pomology Olericulture Floriculture Landscape gardening

4. 1. POMOLOGY (fruit farming) It deals with Development Enhancement of fruit quality, Cultivation techniques Reduction of production cost of fruits etc…..

5. 2.OLERICULTURE(vegetable farming) It is the science of growing vegetables. Classifications: Kitchen gardening Commercial gardening Vegetable forcing.

6. KITCHEN GARDENING Growing of vegetables in small scale. Eg: carrot, beans, lady’s finger, tomato, brinjal, spinach

7. COMMERCIAL GARDENING Production of vegetables in large scale and selling in markets.

8. VEGETABLE FORCING Method of growing vegetables in buildings, green houses or artificial growing conditions. Eg: cabbage, brinjal, tomato etc…

9. GREEN HOUSE Framed structure covered with transparent material to grow crops to get optimum growth and productivity. ADVANTAGES: Disease-free plants are produced Crops require very less water Yield is very high Limited pesticides are needed Plants are protected from uncertain weather.

10. 3. FLORICULTURE(flower farming) Art of cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants in garden for beauty Eg: Geraniums(Pelargonium), Busy Lizzies(Impatiens), Chrysanthemum and Petunia.

11. USES OF FLOWERS Decorative purposes Personal needs, religious and ceremonial offerings Impart colour and beauty to garden Increase country’s economy.

12. 4. LANDSCAPE GARDENING Study of designing and constructing landscapes in homes, business firms etc… to imitate natural scenary.

13. MANURING(biomanuring) Green manure Animal manure Compost

14. ANIMAL MANURE Consists of faeces and urine of livestockslike cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, chickens, turkeys, rabbits etc... TYPES: Farmyard manure : Mixture of cattle dung, urine, litter materials and other diary wastes. Contains 0.5%-Nitrogen, 0.2%-Phosphorous, 0.5%-Potash. Sheep and Goat manure: Nutrients are higher than farmyard manure. Contains 3%-Nitrogen, 1%-Phosphorous pentoxideand 2%-Potassium oxide.

15. 2) COMPOST Soil condenser and fertilizer. Produced by natural decomposition of organic matter such as crop residues, animal wastes, food wastes etc… by microorganisms under controlled conditions.

16. 3) GREEN MANURE Produced by collection and decomposition of green leaves, twigs of tree, field bunds etc… Improves soil structure. Increases water holding capacity. Decreases soil loss erosion. Eg: Sunhemp, Dhaincha, Sesbania etc…

17. BIOFERTILIZERS Substances that contain microorganisms which, when applied to seeds or plant surfaces colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of plants and promote growth by increasing the supply of primary nutrients to the host plant.

18. TYPES OF BIOFERTILIZERS Azotobacter Rhizobium Mycorrhizae Azospirillium Azolla

19. 1.RHIZOBIUM Soil bacterium that colonize the roots of leguminous plants to form nodules. The bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen and convert into ammonia.

20. . 2.AZOSPIRILLIUM It has the ability to use atmospheric nitrogen and transport the nutrient to plants. Inoculated on maize, barley, oats, sorghum crops. Increases productivity of cereal by 5-20% millets by 30% fodder by 50%.

21. 3.AZOTOBACTER Increases yield of wheat, rice, maize and sorghum. Produce anifungal and antibacterial compounds.

22. 4. MYCORRHIZAE They have symbiotic association with the roots of vascular plants. Increase the uptake of phosphorous. Eg: Citrus, Papaya.

23. 5. AZOLLA Free floating, aquatic fern found on water surfaces. Have a cyanobacterial symbiotic association witn Anabaena. Live floating nitrogen factory. Use energy from photosynthesis to fix atmospheric nitrogen.

24. Drugs derived from medicinal Plants

25. MUSHROOM CULTIVATION • It is a technology of growing mushrooms using plant,animal and industrial waste • Mushroom is a fungi belonging to basidomyctes. • It is rich in proteins,fibres,vitaminsand minerals.

26. Steps in Mushroom cultivation • Compositing • Spawning • Casing • Pinning • Harvesting • Preservation

27. Compositing • Compost is prepared by mixing paddy straw with number of organic materials like cow dung and inorganic fertilizers • It is kept at about 50 degree centigrade for one week

28. Spawning • Spawn is a mushroom seed • It is prepared by growing fungal mycelium in grains under sterile condition • Spawn is sown on compost

29. Casing • Gives support to growing mushroom • Compost covered with thin layer of soil • Provides humidity • Regulate temperature

30. Pinning • Starts to form little bud • Thes little buds are called pins

31. Harvesting • Mushroom grows better 15-25 C • Grows 3 cm in a week • Third week the first flush mushroom can be harvested

32. Preservation Discoloration • Freezing • Drying • Canning • Vaccum cooling • Gamma radiation and storing are the methods used to increase their life Weight Flavour loss are the main problems during harvesting

33. Hydroponics is the method of growing plants without soil using mineral nutrient solutions in water • The containers are made of glass,metal or plastic. • Plants are suspended with their roots submerged in water that contain plant nutrients Hydroponics

34. Aeroponics • Hi tech type of hydroponic gardening • Growth medium is air • Roots hang in air and misted with nutrient solution • Misting is done for every few minutes • A short cycle timer is used to control the nutrient pump

35. Aquaponics • Combination of aquaculture with hydroponics • Plants are fed with aquatic amimals excreta • Wastes are broken down into nitrifying bacteria • Wastes are utilized and water is recirculated back

36. Dairy Farming • Dairy farming involves raising of cattle for milk production. • Involves maintanance of cattle and processing of milk

37. Cattle Breeds 1 .Indigenous breeds (Breeds of India) 1 Dairy Breed 2. Exotic Breeds (Imported from foreign countries) 2. Draught Breed They are used for agricultural works They provide us milk and also used for farm work 3. Dual purpose Breed

38. Dairy Breeds Sahiwal Red Sindhi Deoni Gir

39. Exotic Breeds Jersy Brown Swiss Holstein-friesian

40. Draught Breeds Siri Kangayam Amritmahal

41. Composition of cattle feed Roughage • Course and fibrous foddder • Eg. Cultivated grass fodder and root crops,hay, straw and chafff

42. Composition of cattle feed Concentrates • Low in fibre,high in carbohydrates,protiens and other nutrients • EgCholam,ragi,kambu,wheatbran,cotton seed cake,mustard cake etc

43. Aquaculture What is Aquaculture? It is the process by which commercially valuable FLORA and FAUNA are bred,reared and harvested in salt water and fresh water • Types • Fresh water aquaculture • Marine water aquaculture

44. Freshwater Aquaculture Tilapia Carps • Rearing of aquatic organisms in fresh water • Culture of organism is carried out in ponds,rivers,dam,reservoir.Eg.Tilapia,carps

45. Marine water Aquaculture Salmon • Rearing of aquatic organisms in sea water • Culture of organism is carried out along the sea coast and in deep sea Prawn Pearl Oyster

46. Piciculture What is Piciculture? Culturing of fish in rivers,tanks, ponds and paddy fields. • Types of fish culture • Extensive fish culture • Intensive fish culture • Monoculture • Polyculture • Integrated fish farming

47. 1.Extensive fish culture Culture of fishes in large areas with low stocking density and natural feeding 2.Intensive fish culture Culture of fishes in small areas with high stocking density and artificial feeding 3.Monoculture Culture of single type of fish in water body 4. Polyculture Culture of more than one type of fishes. 5.Integrated fish farming Culture of fishes along agricultural crops .

48. Types of Ponds • Breeding pond • Hatching pits • Nusery ponds • Rearing ponds • Stocking ponds

49. Nutritional value of fish Polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) methionine potassium lysine Protein calcium Vitamins A, D phosphorus pyridoxine sodium iron cyanocobalamine niacin

50. Freshwater cultivable fishes Carps (Kendai) Catla Catfish(Keluthi) Rohu Murrels(viral) Mrigal