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Causal Attribution

Causal Attribution. So, what happened out there tonight coach?. Attribution Theory. A cognitive approach to motivation The intent of every human being is to explain his own actions in terms of their perceived causes

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Causal Attribution

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  1. Causal Attribution So, what happened out there tonight coach?

  2. Attribution Theory • A cognitive approach to motivation • The intent of every human being is to explain his own actions in terms of their perceived causes • Perceived attributions greatly influence a person’s actions, feelings, confidence and motivation

  3. The Attributional Model • Heider, 1958 • People strive for prediction and understanding of daily events in order to give their lives stability and predictability • Outcomes are attributed either internally (personal force) or externally (environment)

  4. The Attributional Model Personal force (internal) Environmental force (external) Task Difficulty Effort Ability Luck Can (or cannot) Behavioral Outcome Heider, 1958

  5. Weiner’s Contributions Stable Uncontrollable Stability Dimension Controllability Unstable Controllable Internal External Locus of Causality

  6. Measuring Causal Attribution • Structural rating scale (ability, effort, difficulty, luck) • Structural percentage rating scale • Open-ended system

  7. Causal Dimension Scale • Russell & McAuley • Athletes are asked to indicate their perceived cause for an outcome (open-ended) • Rate the cause relative to 9 questions • Score for each of 3 dimensions: locus, stability, controllability

  8. Rate the Following Attributions • The ball just didn’t bounce our way tonight • The coaches really had us well prepared for this game • It was all the hard work we did over the summer • My opponent was obviously not completely over her shoulder injury • I don’t know how to explain it. The effort was not there tonight.

  9. Attributional Dimensions Locus of Control Stability Controllability Internal External <----------------------- 27 21 15 9 3 Stable Unstable <----------------------- 27 21 15 9 3 Controllable Uncontrollable <----------------------- 27 21 15 9 3

  10. Causal Dimension Scale II External Control Personal Control Others Others have have no control control <----------------------- 27 21 15 9 3 You You have have no control control <----------------------- 27 21 15 9 3

  11. Perceived Causality and Emotional Response

  12. Learned Helplessness • Seligman (1995) • Related to Weiner’s concept of “hoplessness” • “Giving up without even trying” • Perception that one has no control over events • Linked to pessimism and depression

  13. Attributions and Motivation

  14. What does this mean to the coach? • Can you influence players’ attributions? • Functional attribution strategy? • Dysfunctional attribution strategy? • Maladaptive attributional patterns? • Is it ethical to manipulate players’ attributions? • Is honesty the best policy?

  15. Helping students/athletes choose wisely • Record and classify attributions that students and athletes make to successful and unsuccessful outcomes • For each outcome discuss causes or attributions that might lead to greater expectancy for success and increased effort • Provide attributional training for those who consistently give attributions that lead to negative implications for future outcomes • For best results, combine planned goal setting with attributional manipulation

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