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Basic Chemistry and Organic Compounds

Basic Chemistry and Organic Compounds. Atoms : smallest unit of matter. Protons: + charge, in nucleus Neutrons: 0 charge, in nucleus Electrons: - charge, in electron cloud. Compounds/Molecules : two or more atoms “stuck” together. 1. Covalent Bonds: atoms share electrons

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Basic Chemistry and Organic Compounds

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  1. Basic Chemistry and Organic Compounds

  2. Atoms: smallest unit of matter • Protons: + charge, in nucleus • Neutrons: 0 charge, in nucleus • Electrons: - charge, in electron cloud

  3. Compounds/Molecules: two or more atoms “stuck” together • 1. Covalent Bonds: atoms share electrons • 2. Ionic Bonds: atoms “steal” electrons • Ion: a charged particle (Na+ or Cl-

  4. Chemical formula: a written representation of a compound • C6H12O6 = glucose • H2O= water • CO2= carbon dioxide

  5. Structural formula:shows how atoms are bonded together

  6. Acids, Bases, and pH

  7. Acids: any compound that produces hydrogen ions (H+) in water • Examples: • Lemons • Stomach acid • Sulfuric acid (battery acid)

  8. Bases: produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in water • Examples: • Ammonia • Draino • Soap

  9. pH scale:a scale from 1-14 measuring the amount of H+ ions in a substance

  10. Neutralization reaction • Acid + Base  Water + Salt • HCl + NaOH  H20 + NaCl

  11. Indicators: change colors in response to a particular chemical • Red and blue litmus paper • Phenolphthalein • pH paper

  12. How do pH levels affect life? • Soil pH • Water pH • Stomach pH • Blood pH

  13. Elements of Life

  14. The four most abundant elements in living things are… • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Nitrogen • CHON

  15. Other elements present in living things… • Iron • Potassium • Sodium • Chlorine • Sulfur • Calcium • ….

  16. Organic Compounds: compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen • C6H12O6 = glucose • CH4 = methane • C3H8 = propane

  17. Inorganic compounds: anything that is not organic • NaCl = salt • CO2 = carbon dioxide • H2O = water

  18. Carbon will bond to four other elements.

  19. Carbohydrates: compounds of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen • Used as an energy source in your body. • Simple sugars : fruit, candy • Complex carbohydrates: pasta, potatoes

  20. Monosaccharides: • Mono = 1 • Saccharide = sugar • Also known as simple sugars: the building blocks of carbohydrates

  21. Simple sugars • Glucose • Fructose • Glacatose

  22. Disaccharaides: • Di = 2 • Saccharide = sugar • Examples: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

  23. Polysaccharides: • Poly = many • Saccharaide = sugar • Examples: • Starch: in plants (potatoes, corn) • Glycogen: in animals (in liver) • Cellulose: in plants (wood, lettuce, celery) • Chitin: in fungus and insects (exoskeleton)

  24. Making polymers: • Dehydration synthesis • Dehydration = lacking water • Synthesis = to make

  25. Breaking down polymers • Hydrolysis • Hydro = water • Lysis = to split

  26. Lipids: fats, oils, waxes • Made of C, H, O • Used as stored energy in body

  27. Lipids are made of… • A glycerol molecule • 3 fatty acid chains

  28. Examples of lipids: • Oil • Ear wax • Cholesterol • Estrogen and testosterone • fat

  29. Saturated fats: • All carbons have single bonds. • Solid at room temperature Unsaturated fats: • Some carbons have double or triple bonds • Liquid at room temperature

  30. Saturated Fats * Unsaturated Fats

  31. Proteins • Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (CHON) • The building block of proteins are amino acids

  32. Examples of proteins in your body: • Muscles • Hair • Fingernails • Bones • Hormones

  33. Structure of amino acids • Amino acid • Dipeptide

  34. Proteins are made of • Polypeptides • Or a chain/polymer of amino acids. • There are 20 different kinds of amino acids • Their order and length of the chain makes each protein different.

  35. Protein shape is very important! • Amino acid chains will coil and fold into a specific shape

  36. Nucleic acids: • Made of C, H, O, N, and Phosphorous • Examples are DNA and RNA • Building blocks are • Sugar • Phosphate • Nitrogen Base

  37. Enzymes: • A protein that speeds up chemical reactions. • Enzymes are shape specific.

  38. Enzymes are shape specific

  39. Catalyst: • A molecule that speeds up a reaction without being changed during the reaction. • Enzymes are biological catalysts.

  40. Active site: the part of the enzyme that interacts with the substrate. • Substrate: the substance the enzyme is altering.

  41. Lock and Key Model • The substrate only fits onto a particular enzyme like a key in a lock.

  42. Induced-fit Model • The enzyme changes shape slightly after it connects with the substrate.

  43. Factors that affect enzyme action • Temperature • Enzymes have an optimal temperature • If enzymes become too hot, they will denature which changes their shape.

  44. Factors that affect enzyme action • pH • Enzymes have an optimal pH.

  45. Concentration of enzyme and substrate • The more substrate there is, the faster the reaction is.

  46. Co-enzymes • A molecule such as a vitamin that completes the shape of the enzyme.

  47. Uses of Enzymes • Baking: enzymes in yeast break starches into sugar and carbon dioxide which raises the dough.

  48. The enzyme trypsin is used to predigest baby foods.

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