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Minerals

Minerals. What is a Mineral?. Naturally-formed, inorganic solid substance with a definite crystalline structure. Pyromorphite. What do all minerals have in common?. All: Are formed by natural processes. Are NOT alive and NEVER were alive Have a definite volume and shape

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Minerals

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  1. Minerals

  2. What is a Mineral? • Naturally-formed, inorganic solid substance with a definite crystalline structure Pyromorphite

  3. What do all minerals have in common? All: • Are formed by natural processes. • Are NOT alive and NEVER were alive • Have a definite volume and shape • Are elements or compounds with a unique chemical makeup • Are made up of particles that are arranged in a pattern that is repeated over and over (called a CRYSTAL)

  4. Watch “Crystals” by Brainpop… • .What element are diamonds made from? • . What do all crystals have in common?

  5. Elements, Atoms, and Compounds • Elements – pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means. All minerals contain one or more of the 92 naturally occurring elements. • Example: oxygen, carbon, sulfur, hydrogen • Atoms – the smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element. Minerals are made up of atoms of one or more elements. • Compounds – a substance made of two or more elements that have been chemically joined. • Example: water (H2O), salt (NaCl)

  6. Groups of Minerals • Minerals are grouped by the elements they are made of. Beryl (Emerald) Calcite Amethyst

  7. MICA Quartz

  8. Silver Copper Diamond Gold Iron Ruby

  9. Calcite with Duftite inclusions

  10. BariteBaSo4 Barite on CalciteBaSo4 / CaCO3

  11. How do minerals form? • 1) Cooling of magma (hot, liquid rock and minerals inside the earth (from the mantle)) • Fast Cooling = No Crystals (mineraloids) • Medium Cooling = small crystals • Slow Cooling = large crystals

  12. How do minerals form? • 2) Elements dissolved in liquids (usually water)

  13. Physical Properties of Minerals(can be used to identify the mineral) Color • Can be misleading • Not the best way to identify a mineral • Can vary with the type of impurities

  14. Physical Properties of Minerals(can be used to identify the mineral) Luster • Surface reflection • How shiny or dull an object is • metallic = shiny like metal • non-metallic = dull, non-shiny surface Pyrite has a metallic luster Calcite has a non-metallic luster

  15. Physical Properties of Minerals(can be used to identify the mineral) Streak • The color of the mineral in powdered form • The color of the streak can be different than the mineral • Minerals must be softer than the streak plate

  16. Streak…can help identify quartz BUT... http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b3.html

  17. Physical Properties of Minerals(can be used to identify the mineral) Hardness • How easily a mineral scratches materials • Mohs Hardness Scale • Scale from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest) • Test by seeing if the mineral can scratch different objects (like human fingernail, copper, penny, glass, steel file)

  18. Find out more… • “Electronic” Hardness Test http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b2.html

  19. Physical Properties of Minerals(can be used to identify the mineral) Cleavage & Fracture • The way the mineral breaks • Cleavage—minerals break along smooth, flat surfaces and every fragment has the same general shape • Fracture—minerals that break at random with rough or jagged edges

  20. 1. 4. 3. 2. Cleavage or Fracture?

  21. Physical Properties of Minerals(can be used to identify the mineral) Other Properties • Specific gravity (*excellent clue to mineral’s identity) – the ratio of an object’s density to the density of water • Attraction to magnets (magnetism) • Fluorescence (glow under ultraviolet light) • Bending of light (double images) • Reaction with hydrochloric acid (chemical reaction) • Smell & taste

  22. Watch Brainpop—“Mineral Identification” • . If a mineral can scratch your fingernail, the mineral is _______________ than your fingernail. • 2. What is luster?

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