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The Enlightenment

Explore the Enlightenment, a movement that emerged as a reaction to absolute monarchy, and its impact on power, progress, and freedom in France. Discover the beliefs and ideas of famous philosophers such as Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Voltaire. Understand the concepts of reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty that shaped the Enlightenment era. Uncover the influence of the Enlightenment on the French Revolution and the development of modern society.

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The Enlightenment

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  1. The Enlightenment

  2. But first… the baby labhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FRvVFW85IcU

  3. Thesis Due to the extreme power rested in one individual—the king—during the Age of Absolute Monarchs, the Enlightenment sprung up as a reaction to this; finally beginning to involve the peasants class in politics, albeit, the rich end of the peasant class. This movement was most prominent in France because of the extreme power and decadence which had rested in the hands of the French monarchy during the reign of the most powerful and quintessential absolute monarch, Louis XIV.

  4. What does “The Enlightenment” mean?  The Breakdown of the Enlightenment… 18th Century • Scientific Revolution • Enlightenment • French Revolution Everything can be explain through laws • Newton’s Law of Gravity = Society must have laws • State of Nature-good or bad = how to govern

  5. The Philosophes • The group that “starts” the Enlightenment is the Philosophes • What is a Philosophe? • French term for philosopher, but not all French (most are) & not all just philosophers • Most all cover from upper and middle class • Writers, professors, journalists, economists, social reformers, politics/government

  6. Philosophes’ ideas Five main concepts behind their beliefs • Reason – truth could be discovered through logic or reasoning • Nature – what was natural was also good • Happiness – be happy here and now • Progress – mankind can always improve • Liberty – the French philosophes wanted the same liberties that the English had won through Bill of Rights, etc.

  7. Philosophes’ ideas • Freedom of speech • Freedom of trade (economic freedom) • Freedom of religion • Freedom to realize one’s talents • Freedom to make your own way in the world • Many are Deists • God becomes the clockmaker • Universe is a machine with true laws (Newton) • God made it and then let it run • This shift allows the scientists to be right • Personally it allows for an explanation as to what bad things happen to good people

  8. Common Words Progress Reason State of Nature Equality Natural Law Government Sovereignty Covenant Social Contract Civil Society

  9. Baron de Montesquieu Jean-Jacques Rousseau Voltaire

  10. Montesquieu, Voltaire & Rousseau discussion questions 1. Explain these Philosophes thoughts on power, who should have it, how it should be used, etc. 2. Explain the relationship between laws, government and people. 3. What is goodness and morality and how is it defined? 4. Explain education, its role, and its importance. 5. How do these Philosophes feel about God and religion? What are their arguments? 6. How do Voltaire’s ideas of prejudice and equality apply to the thoughts of the other Philosophes?

  11. Baron de Montesquieu • Thought Britain was the best-run country on earth • King/Queen had executive power • Parliament had legislative power • Courts had judicial power • All worked in concert – well-balanced • Came up with the idea of checks and balances • One branch of government doesn't have too much power – is “checked” by another branch • Basis of United States Constitution

  12. Rousseau • Believed civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness • The only good government is when people give up rights for the common good • His social contract was between people working together to create democracy • Similar to Locke, except Rousseau believed that all people were equal and wanted to abolish all noble titles

  13. Voltaire • Most famous of the French philosophers • Used satire to make fun of “important” people • Satire – use of irony, sarcasm or wit to attack folly or stupidity • Went to jail for his sharp tongue • Quote: “I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it” (didn't really say this)

  14. Enlightenment salon • Research assigned Enlightenment philosopher & represent his/her views at a salon in Paris • Figure out: • Background • His/her main ideas • Use primary source evidence & direct quotes • At salon you can have 1 sheet of notes & props are encouraged, but not required! • You will have to know enough about your philosopher so that at the salon you can represent is views on Enlightenment theory, themes from Macbeth & other literature so far this year, and modern issues. • Salon will happened on Thursday, December 1st • one work day on Monday, November 28th • See website for more details-intro sheet, assigned figures, & rubric

  15. Rousseau’s Ideas • Freedom • Social Contract • “Individual member [gives] himself totally to the whole community” • General Will • “Each individual may have one particular will as a man that is different from – or contrary to – the general will which he has as a citizen” • State Control • “You can never corrupt the people”

  16. Rousseau – Key Line • “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” • What does this mean? • “Jean-Jacques Rousseau, but he knew how to write a line. […] But it is the one that did more than any other to inspire the French revolution. Sadly, it also did more than any other to justify the ensuing terror.”

  17. Montaigne, Paine & Wollstonecraft Meet with AT LEAST one of each of the readings – max group size is 4 people, so you can double up on one author • In groups discuss (and take a few notes on…)* • What was the main idea of your reading-what was the “thesis”? & how did the author “prove” the main idea? • Compare & contrast ideas of the 3 authors. • Compare & contrast the ideas with Rousseau and/or Voltaire. *be prepared to share answers with the whole class!

  18. Questions? • Why did we read these works? • Why does this matter? • How does the textbook reading fit in? Why does that information matter to us?

  19. What is Scientific Authority? The introduction of the reading claims… “To Professor Butterfield this change of techniques and attitudes is the most important event since the rise of Christianity, more important by far than the Renaissance or the Reformation…” • Make sure you have both A’s and B’s at your table – shift with someone near by if you don’t have at least two people of each! (NEARBY, quickly – THANKS!) • A’s – DISAGREE with Butterfield • B’s – AGREE with Butterfield

  20. Galileo • What is important to know? • Why does he matter?

  21. Salon reflection • On the quarter sheet – write your name and A or B • Score yourself out of 30 points • Honesty only helps your score in the end • Explain the score in 2-3 sentences. • MVP – why (can’t be you) • Anything else Ms. Maners should know? Turn in with note sheet to in box (name on it?)

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