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THE CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM

THE CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM. Chapter 9. Cardiorespiratory System. What are the functions of the cardiorespiratory system? Transport O 2 to tissues and removal of waste Transport of nutrients to tissues Regulation of body temperature. Cardiorespiratory System.

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THE CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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  1. THE CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM Chapter 9

  2. Cardiorespiratory System • What are the functions of the cardiorespiratory system? • Transport O2 to tissues and removal of waste • Transport of nutrients to tissues • Regulation of body temperature

  3. Cardiorespiratory System • What are the components of the cardiorespiratory system? • Cardio- • Heart = a pump between external and internal respiration • Blood Vessels = transportation • Respiratory • Lungs = gas exchange

  4. Cardiovascular System • Heart • Blood vessels

  5. THE HEART PULMONARY CIRCUIT SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT

  6. THE HEART • Four chambers • Right atria - blood from systemic system to... • Right ventricle - blood to pulmonary system and then to... • Left atria - blood from pulmonary system to... • Left ventricle - blood to systemic system and then to... • Right atria (and repeat)

  7. Cardiovascular System Pulmonary circuit • Which side of the heart is part of the systemic circuit? • What is the oxygen content of the blood (high or low)? • Which chamber of the heart does the blood return into? Systemic circuit • Which side of the heart is part of the systemic circuit? • What is the oxygen content of the blood (high or low)? • Which chamber of the heart does the blood return into?

  8. BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART • Blue section shows blood flow through the right side of the heart • Red section shows blood flow through the left side of the heart

  9. MYOCARDIUM or Cardiac Muscle • What is the myocardium? • Why is the left ventricle the most powerful and largest of the chambers? • Note: • Thickness varies directly with stress placed on chamber walls. • With vigorous exercise, the left ventricle size increases. Right Left Wall Wall

  10. MYOCARDIUM Cardiac Muscle • Intercalated disks • What are they? • What is their function?

  11. CONTROL OF THE HEART - INTRINSIC

  12. CONTROL OF THE HEART - INTRINSIC • What part of the heart is referred to as the pacemaker of the heart? • What is the function of the A-V node? • What is an electrocardiogram?

  13. Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) • Terms • Depolarization: stimulation of the myocardium • Repolarization: recovery of the myocardium from stimulation

  14. CONTROL OF THE HEART - ECG

  15. Assignment Questions from Chapter 9 • What are the functions of the cardiorespiratory system? • What are the components of the cardiorespiratory system? • Which side of the heart is part of the systemic circuit? • What is the oxygen content of the blood (high or low)? • Where does the blood flow to at the end of the systemic circuit? • Which side of the heart is part of the pulmonary circuit? • What is the oxygen content of the blood (high or low)? • Where does the blood flow to at the end of the pulmonary circuit? • What is the myocardium? • Why is the left ventricle the most powerful and largest of the chambers? • What are intercalated disks? • What is the function of intercalated disks? • What part of the heart is referred to as the pacemaker of the heart? • What is the function of the A-V node? • What is an electrocardiogram?

  16. CONTROL OF THE HEART - EXTRINSIC • Medulla – control center • Neural input to medulla • Higher brain centers • Baroreceptors (blood vessels) • Stretch receptors (heart) • Chemoreceptors (blood vessels) • Mechanoreceptors (muscles/joints) • The medulla can alter speed of contraction (heart rate) and/or force of contraction (stroke volume)

  17. CONTROL OF THE HEART - EXTRINSIC

  18. CONTROL OF THE HEART - EXTRINSIC • Parasympathetic Nervous System acts through the vagus nerve. • What affect does the vagus have on heart rate? • What affect does the Sympathetic Nervous System have on heart rate? • What affect do the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine have on heart rate?

  19. HEART FUNCTION • When the energy needs of the body increase, what happens to the heart rate? • How else can the heart supply more blood to the body?

  20. HEART FUNCTION - Heart Rate Heart Rate • Definition? • What is a typical resting heart rate?

  21. HEART FUNCTION - Cardiac Cycle w Cardiac Cycle: Events that occur between two consecutive heartbeats (systole to systole) w What is Systole? w What is Diastole?

  22. HEART FUNCTION - Cardiac Cycle

  23. HEART FUNCTION - Heart Rate • Why does heart rate increase during exercise? • How is heart rate increased?

  24. HEART FUNCTION – Stroke Volume • What is stroke volume? • What happens to stroke volume during exercise? • How is stroke volume increased?

  25. HEART FUNCTION - Cardiac Output (Q) • What is cardiac output? • Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume • Example: HR of 72 beats/minute x SV of 70 mL/beat • [the beat(s) cancel out] • Therefore, Q equals 72 x 70 or 5,040 mL/min or 5.040 L/min

  26. How is cardiac output increased during exercise? What might cause cardiac output (or blood flow) to decrease during exercise? HEART FUNCTION - Cardiac Output (Q)

  27. HEART FUNCTION • Heart Rate • 50-75 beats per minute • Stroke Volume (SV) • 60-100 milliliters per beat (ml/beat) • Cardiac Output (Q) • 4500-5000 milliliters per minute • 4.5-5 liters per minute (L/min)

  28. a-v O2 Difference • Oxygen Extraction at Rest • Arteries • 20 ml or oxygen in every 100 ml of arterial blood • Veins • 15 ml/100 ml of blood. • How much oxygen did the muscles use? • This amount is call the a-vO2 difference.

  29. THE VASCULAR SYSTEM (Circulation) w Arteries w Arterioles w Capillaries w Venules w Veins

  30. THE VASCULAR SYSTEM - Arteries • How do arteries differ from other blood vessels? • Thick and Elastic • Pulse

  31. THE VASCULAR SYSTEM - Arterioles • Unique? • Smooth muscle sphincters • Function? • Blood distribution • Vasodilation • Vasoconstriction

  32. THE VASCULAR SYSTEM - Capillaries • What makes them unique? • Thin • Internal respiration or gas exchange

  33. THE VASCULAR SYSTEM - Veins • Unique? • One-way valves • Muscle pump • Venous return

  34. Muscle Pump

  35. Muscle Pump

  36. BLOOD PRESSURE • Systolic is the pressure in the __________ when the heart is __________. • Diastolic is the pressure in the __________ when the heart is __________. • What is a normal resting blood pressure? • What happens to systolic blood pressure during exercise? Why? • Why is high blood pressure at resting unhealthy?

  37. BLOOD PRESSURE

  38. BLOOD PRESSURE

  39. THE BLOOD w What are some of the functions of the blood? w Transportation: gas, nutrients, and wastes w Regulates temperature w Buffers and balances acid base

  40. THE BLOOD – BLOOD VOLUME

  41. THE BLOOD – FORMED ELEMENTS • Red blood cells. • What do they do? • White blood cells. • What do they do? • Platelets. • What do they do?

  42. THE BLOOD - Hematocrit • What is Hematrocrit? • Ratio of formed elements (mostly RBC) to the total blood volume • What is a typical value? • 45%

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