PRESIDENTIAL ROLES

QUALIFICATIONS PRESIDENTIAL ROLES PRESIDENTIAL POWERS THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH Created by Article II of the Constitution EXECUTIVE OFFICES VICE PRESIDENTS DUTIES PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION

PRESIDENTIAL QUALIFICATIONS TO BE THE PRESIDENT YOU MUST FILL ALLOF THE FORMAL REQUIREMENTS.

POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT MILITARY POWERS EXECUTIVE POWERS LEGISLATIVE POWERS DIPLOMATIC POWERS JUDICIAL POWERS

EXECUTIVE POWERS EXECUTIVE POWERS ARE THOSE POWERS THE PRESIDENT HAS AND USES TO MAKE SURE THAT FEDERAL LAW IS CARRIED OUT. THEY INCLUDE: EXECUTING THE LAW APPOINTING POWER ORDINANCE POWER REMOVAL POWER

EXECUTING THE LAW THE PRESIDENT HAS THE JOB, RESPONSIBILITY AND DUTY TO MAKE SURE THAT ALL LAWS ARE ENFORCED AND ADMINISTERED, AS PER THE CONSTITUTION: ARTICLE II, SECTION 1, CLAUSE 8 (THE PRESIDENTIAL OATH) ARTCLE II, SECTION 3, CALLED THE “TAKE CARE” POWER

The ORDINANCE POWER * The President has the power to issue executive orders. *An EXECUTIVE ORDER is a directive, rule, or regulation that has the effect of law. While the order is not an actual law, it is treated like one. *This power is given to the President from two sources: the Constitution and Congress.

THE APPOINTING POWER The President has the power to appoint nearly three million federal civilian employees. Once the President receives the consent of the Senate, he appoints most of the top-ranking officials in the Federal Government. SENATORIAL COURTESY – Presidential Appointments Need Appointees Home Senators Approval Some examples are: federal judges, cabinet members, heads of independent agencies, and officers of the military.

THE REMOVAL POWER *The President can remove anyone from office who he has appointed. *The only restriction on this power is that the President cannot remove Supreme Court Justices from the bench. *Three major reasons for removal are: inefficiency in office, neglect of duty, or inappropriate behavior.

DIPLOMATIC POWERS THE PRESIDENTS DIPLOMATIC POWERS ARE AMONG HIS MOST POWERFUL. THEY INCLUDE: POWER TO MAKE TREATIES POWER OF EXECUTIVE AGREEMENTS POWER OF RECOGNITION

POWER TO MAKE TREATIES *treaty=formal agreement between two or more sovereign states *The President usually negotiates treaties through the Secretary of State. *The Senate must give approval for these international agreements with a 2/3 vote.

POWER OF EXECUTIVE AGREEMENTS Executive Agreements are like treaties in that they are agreements between the President and foreign leaders or their subordinates. They are different in that they do not require the approval of the Senate. They usually stem out of previous legislation, or a previous treaty.

THE POWER OF RECOGNITION *The President, representing the United States, acknowledges the legal existence of that country and its government. *This recognition is not permanent. It can change with revolutions or changes in government. *This recognition can make or break the survival of a new country.

MILITARY POWERS *During wartime, the President can make critical decisions that he feels is necessary for wartime AS COMMANDER AND CHIEF. *The President also has the power to send troops into combat, without approval by Congress. This is referred to as undeclared war. *Finally, the President can use troops for domestic peace within the United States.

LEGISLATIVE POWERS *The President possesses the power to submit OR RECOMMEND ideas to Congress. *The President gives a “State of the Union” address each year, where he presents ideas for new legislation to Congress. THE PRESIDENT ALSO HAS: THE POWER OF VETO *FINALLY THE PRESIDENT HAS THE POWER TO CALL SPECIAL SESSIONS OF CONGRESS IF A PRESSING MATTER OCCOURS.

THE POWER OF VETO *When a bill is presented to the President, he can do one of four things: 1. Sign it and pass the law, 2. Veto the law, 3. While Congress is in session, he can not touch the bill and it will pass in 10 days 4. Pocket veto, or while Congress is not in session, he can not touch the bill and it will not pass.

JUDICIAL POWERS ACCORDING TO ARTICLE II, SECTION 2, CLAUSE 1 THE PRESIDENT HAS THE POWER TO ISSUE: PARDON – ISSUED BY THE PRESIDENT IT IS LEGAL FORGIVENESS FOR A CRIME AMNESTY – ISSUED BY THE PRESIDENT IT IS A PARDON FOR A LARGE GROUP OF PEOPLEREPRIEVE – ISSUED BY THE PRESIDENT IT IS POSTPONING A SENTENCECOMMUTATION- ISSUED BY THE PRESIDENT IT IS A REDUCTION OF A SENTENCE

ROLES OF THE PRESIDENT CHIEF EXECUTIVE CHIEF DIPLOMAT CHIEF LEGISLATOR COMMANDER IN CHIEF CHIEF OF STATE CHIEF CITIZEN CHIEF OF PARTY CHIEF ADMINISTRATOR

CHIEF EXECUTIVE The president is the chief executive, empowered to administer the laws and affairs of the nation. While the president does not make the laws, his agencies have the responsibility and authority to carry out the laws. Examples in this role 1. Appointing the head of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). 2. Holding a Cabinet meeting to discuss government business. 3. Reading Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) reports on the state of national security 1. Which recent executive orders have impacted the state of the nation? 2. What article in the Constitution grants the president executive power?

CHIEF DIPLOMAT Being a diplomat involves interacting with leaders from other nations. The president takes the lead in foreign relations by associating with foreign leaders and, along with the help of Congress, develops a foreign policy with other nations. Examples in this role 1. Traveling to London to meet with the British prime minister. 2. Working with leaders in the Middle East in an effort to create a peace plan for the region. 1. Which foreign leaders has the president recently hosted at the White House? Which nations has the president recently visited? 2. What have been the motivating reasons for these visits? 3. Which countries have been traditional allies of the United States? Do these friendly relationships remain strong today?

CHIEF LEGISLATOR Though the president cannot make laws, he can voice his own ideas and opinions to Congress while they draft legislation. He does this through speeches promoting his agenda and by meeting with Congress to discuss policies. Examples in this role 1. Signing or vetoing a bill passed by Congress. 2. Working to get enough House or Senate votes for a bill to be passed through each respective house. 3.Making a speech in Congress. 1. Name one controversial piece of legislation that the president has pushed through Congress. 2. How has the president pushed his plan for healthcare?

CHIEF OF STATE The president's role as chief of state is to represent the United States at public events. This is mainly a ceremonial role that allows the president to promote/convey/represent American values and acknowledge others who do the same. Examples in this role 1. Awarding medals to students receiving academic honors. 2. Congratulating astronauts upon their return from space travel. 3. Greeting visitors to the White House. 4. Delivering the State of the Union Address. 1. When has a president visited U.S. cities in distress? 2. How would a president play the role of chief of state during wartime?

COMMANDER IN CHIEF The president is the commander-in-chief of the U.S. armed forces. That means all of the military leaders report to and take orders from the president. The president performs this duty as a civilian, someone who is not in military service. Examples in this role 1. Inspecting a Navy yard. 2. Deciding, in wartime, whether to bomb foreign cities. 3. Calling out the National Guard to stop a riot. 1. What is the benefit of having a civilian who is an elected public official as the commander-in chief? 2. What might be some of the drawbacks?

CHIEF OF PARTY In this role, the president helps members of his political party get elected or appointed to office. The president campaigns for those members who have supported his policies. At the end of a term the president may campaign for reelection with his party’s support. Examples in this role 1. Choosing leading party members to serve in the Cabinet. 2. Traveling to California to speak at a rally for a party nominee to the U.S. Senate. 1. To what political party does the current president belong? 2. In what ways can a sitting president work on behalf of his party? 3. In what ways can the president's party continue to work on his behalf?

CHIEF ADMINISTRATOR The president also has to be the chief administrator, meaning to manage the fifteen executive depts. and federal agencies, such as NASA, and to help carry out those policies. Being the chief administrator is an enormous task because the executive departments employ around 1.8 million employees every year. Even millions more are employed by the postal service and other government agencies

CHIEF CITIZEN This role of the President infers that he is the moral leader and figurehead of the United States. As a representative of the nation's people, the president automatically assumes the role of its chief citizen, or popular leader. This role requires that the president maintains a certain trust with the people, since it is his/her duty to work for the public interest. In addition, the president must place the nation's best interests above the interests of any one group or citizen. Some examples are educating citizens on important issues, leading by example, and concentrating on issues that affect American citizens.

EXECUTIVE OFFICES “The President’s right arm”as it is referred to is the several offices that are staffed by the President’s closest advisors, and are designed to help the President make, and enforce policy. They include: NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OFFICE OF NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISORS CABINET OTHERS

NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL The National Security Council is the President's principal forum for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials. Since its inception under President Truman, the function of the Council has been to advise and assist the President on national security and foreign policies. The Council also serves as the President's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies.

OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB's predominant mission is to assist the President in overseeing the preparation of the federal budget and to supervise its administration in Executive Branch agencies. In addition, OMB oversees and coordinates the Administration's financial management, information, and regulatory policies.

OFFICE OF NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY The principal purpose of ONDCP is to establish policies, priorities, and objectives for the Nation's drug control program. The goals of the program are to reduce illicit drug use, manufacturing, and trafficking, drug-related crime and violence, and drug-related health consequences. To achieve these goals, the Director of ONDCP is charged with producing the National Drug Control Strategy. The Strategy directs the Nation's anti-drug efforts and establishes a program, a budget, and guidelines for cooperation among Federal, State, and local entities.

COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISORS The CEA was established by the Employment Act of 1946 to provide the President with objective economic analysis and advice on the development and implementation of a wide range of domestic and international economic policy issues.

CABINET The tradition of the Cabinet dates back to the beginnings of the Presidency itself. One of the principal purposes of the Cabinet (drawn from Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution) is to advise the President on any subject he may require relating to the duties of their respective offices. The Cabinet includes the Vice President and, by law, the heads of 15 executive departments-the Secretaries of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, Labor, State, Transportation, Treasury, and Veterans Affairs, and the Attorney General.

OTHER OFFICES The other offices of the Executive Branch are as varied as they are in numbers. Some of the other areas include: Office of Policy Development - Advises President on domestic concerns National Space Council-Advises President on civil and military efforts in space Council on Environmental Quality- Aids the President on environmental policy matters. Office of U.S. Trade Representatives – Advises the President on matters of foreign trade. Office of Science and Technology- Advises on all scientific, engineering, and technology advances.

VICE PRESIDENTIAL DUTIES BY CONSTITUTION THE VICE PRESIDENT HAS ONLY TWO FORMAL DUTIES: PRESIDE OVER THE SENATE HELP DECIDE THE QUESTION OF PRESIDENTIAL DISABILITY PRESIDENTIAL DISABILITY IS WHEN THE PRESIDENT IS UNABLE TO CARRY OUT HIS DUTIES THE ONLY OTHER ASSUMED PURPOSE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT IS TO BE A PRESIDENT IN WAITING.

PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION IS THE ORDER IN WHICH INFERIOR OFFICERS CAN BE PROMOTED TO THE OFFICE OF PRESIDENT IN CASE OF A VACANCY. THE CURRENT SYSTEM WAS ESTABLISHED BY THE 25TH AMENDMENT AND CURRENTLY HAS 18 POSITIONS. HERE ARE THE FIRST 10.

Executive Office of the President The President Office Of Policy Development Office Of Management And Budget White House Staff Office of The Vice President National Security Council Council Of Economic Advisors Office Of Administration Office Of Science And Technology Policy Office Of The US Trade Representative Office Of National Drug Council Policy Council Of Environmental Quality

Presidential Benefits The First U.S. Congress voted to pay George Washington a salary of $25,000 a year — a significant sum in 1789. Washington, already a successful man, refused to accept his salary. Since 2001, the President has earned a salary of $400,000 a year.

Presidential Benefits The President's salary serves as a cap for all other federal officials, such as the Chief Justice. In order to raise the salaries of the other federal employees, the President's salary had to be raised as well.

Presidential Benefits Modern Presidents enjoy many non-salary benefits such as living and working in the spacious White House mansion in Washington, DC. While traveling, the President is able to conduct all the functions of the office aboard several specially built Boeing 747s, which take the call sign Air Force One.

Presidential Benefits

Presidential Benefits The President travels around Washington in an armored Cadillac limousine, equipped with bullet-proof windows and tires and a self-contained ventilation system in the event of a biological or chemical attack. When traveling longer distances around the Washington area or on presidential trips, the President travels aboard the presidential helicopter.

Presidential Benefits

Presidential Benefits When traveling longer distances around the Washington area or on presidential trips, the President travels aboard the presidential helicopter, which takes the call sign Marine One when the president is aboard.

Presidential Benefits The President has full use of Camp David in Maryland, a sprawling retreat occasionally used as a casual setting for hosting foreign dignitaries.

Presidential Benefits The President and his family are protected at all times by an extensive Secret Service detail. Until 1997, all former Presidents and their families were protected by the Secret Service until the President's death.

Presidential Benefits Presidents continue to enjoy other benefits after leaving office such as free mailing privileges, free office space, the right to hold a diplomatic passport and budgets for office help and staff assistance

Review Questions What are the three qualifications for someone to be president? What is the President’s Senatorial Courtesy mean? What Article of the Constitution do you find the powers of the President? Can the President remove a Supreme Court Justice? The President has the power to make a treaty. What is a treaty? What military powers does the President have? Since the President has the power to pardon someone, what power does the president have? (Legislative, Judicial, or Removal Power) Since the President has the power to establish foreign policy with other nations, what role is he serving?

Review Questions Which role of the president says that the President is the head of the national government? The President is the “boss” of government employees. What role is he serving? The group of people that is made up of his closest advisors is his ___________________________ If the President is unable to fulfill his duties, who takes his place? Which Amendment established Presidential succession? Which cabinet secretary is first in line before all other cabinet secretaries?

Some terms to know and apply Amendment 20 Amendment 22 Amendment 25 President Vice-President Cabinet Treaty Veto Reprieve Amnesty Commutation Pardon

PRESIDENTIAL ROLES