Rural Energy Systems : The Spirit

1. Rural Energy Systems : The Spirit P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department An Art of Developing Energy Republic Villages…

2. A Story of A Native Power System • For many countries, fossil energy is transported/imported. • The history of wind power in Denmark, provides a salutary example of how socioeconomic conditions influence a technology. • From 1900 to 1910, many Danish wind driven electricity plants were in use. • Diesel engines were beginning to give them some stiff competition by 1910 to 1914 because of their convenience and economy. • During World War I, oil supplies to the country were virtually shut off and wind power was resurrected. • Many 20 to 35kW capacity new wind turbine plants were built at that time.

3. The Ups & Downs • After the war, electrification took place throughout the country, and once more the windmill languished. • In 1939, World War II caused another cutoff in fuel supplies, and wind power was once more called upon to the fullest extent possible. • After the hostilities ended, further rapid, extensive electrification took place, but this time the utility of wind power was not discounted. • A research program was begun to consider it as a supplement to the large, central plants. • In the period after 1945, there were developments not only in Denmark, but in France, Germany, and Britain as well.

4. Denmark is Heading Towards 60% Wind Energy • More green energy in the electricity grid. • 44% Wind — Denmark Set New Wind Energy Record In 2017 : News on 6th Jan 2018. • Denmark to construct three new offshore wind farms by 2030 : 29th June 2018. • The deal also includes a target for 55 per cent of the country's energy to be supplied from renewable sources by 2030, up from a previous goal of 50 percent set by the current government.

5. My First Exposure to the Down to earth Needs: Native Energy System Shri Mangal Singh Water Wheel on River Sajnam, Bhailoni Lod Village Lalitpur Dist.

6. The Giant Wheel called Mangal Water Wheel

7. The New Design of Wheel

8. IIT Delhi Design & Mangal’s Make

10. Design II : KrishiVigyan Kendra ,Jagdishpur, Sonipat : 3.7KW Generator

11. Specification Farmer ’ s version New Design I New Design II Bhailoni Village (Semera Village) (KVK, Sonipat) Lalitpur,UP Lalitpur,UP Haryana Diameter in m 4 1.26 1.5 Head at site in m 1.5 1.5 1 Power developed 6kw 6kw 5kw Water Consumption 1800l/s 400l/s 450l/s run Pump discharge 22 l/s 22l/s 22l/s Efficiency 40%[t] 20%[p] 72%[t] 68%[p] 86%[t] 76%[p] No. of blades 24 14 15 Principle impulse impulse impulse Cost of wheel $1800 $160 $170 Cost of gear box $2700 $320 $400 Comparative study: Development of Micro hydro water wheel

12. Generator Gear Box Main Shaft Canal Forbay Grinding Wheel Bush Bearing 12” Pulley 10” Pulley Grinder adjusting lever Penstock Water Wheel Wooden Base Layouts for Uttaranchal Units : HESCO

13. Design of upgraded wheel for Garwhal Area

14. Our Contributions • Design, Fabrication and Erection of 5 kW Horizontal Axis Hydro-Turbo Pump on a small river near Jhansi. • Design , Fabrication and Testing of 3.5 kW Horizontal Axis Hydro-Turbo Pump cum Generator on a Drainage Canal at Sonipat. • Design, Fabrication of 3.5 kW Vertical Axis Hydro-Turbo Atta Chakki cum Alternator at Lacchiwala, near Dehradun. • Design and Development of 5 KW Horizontal Axis Hydro-Turbo Pump cum Generator at Pokhri, Uttaranchal. • Design and Development of 5 KW Horizontal Axis Hydro Generator at Halflong, Assam.

15. National Workshop on Development of Man-Power in Ultra Micro Hydel Turbines for Rural Energy Systems 20th March to 28th March 2004. P. M. V. Subbarao Sanjeev Jain Santosh Satya IIT, DELHI

16. Assam, India: Micro Hydro Power Project to Benefit 38 Families

17. The Story of Peace thru Technology • Inhabitants of a remote village in the rugged, mountainous terrain of North Cachar Hills are getting uninterrupted power supply even though it is not connected by conventional power grid. • This has been made possible by the State’s first micro hydro-electricity. • The project generates 6.8 KVA power from a hilly stream called Boro Robi nullah near the hamlet. • It has a 12-foot-high water reservoir and a turbine. • “This was started as a pilot project with support from the Army, and following its successful implementation, we plan to set up more such micro hydel projects in similar terrain in the district,” HP Rajkumar, Project Director, District Rural Development Agency (DRDA), NC Hills, said, adding that a couple of sites had already been identified for the purpose. • Mr. Rajkumar said that the Army engineers designed the turbine, which cost Rs 1.25 lakh. “The Army has been very enthusiastic about the project and extended every possible cooperation to us. • We got technical expertise from the IIT-Delhi as well,” he said. • At the moment the project is illuminating 38 households of the village besides a school, a church, a temple and an auditorium. “The households have two bulbs each.

18. Gram Swaraj : A pivotal concept in Mahatama Gandhi's thinking • The fundamental concept of Gram swaraj is that every village should be its own republic, • "independent of its neighbours for its own vital wants and yet interdependent for many others in which dependence is necessary," according to Gandhi, writing in 1942. • Each village should be basically self-reliant, making provision for all necessities of life - food, clothing, clean water, sanitation, housing, education and so on …. Rural Energy Systems are the Requirement of Gram Swaraj……

19. The Criteria for sustainable Development • Develop technologies based on Native Resources • Must be based on Pure Harvesting …… • No/minimal Exploitation …… • Demands Deeper understanding of A Natural Resource…

20. What is A Natural Resource? • A highly distributed native boon. • Any child of nature, which contains more (?) than what it required for itself. • All this excess is meant for other children of nature. • This excess can be called as fertility. • Land has a fertility to grow plant and crops. • Trees and plants have lushness to generate more food. • Many animals possess fecundity to serve others. • Rivers have abundance called Reverine Bounty. • The ultimate boon almost uniformly available on this globe : • Solar Energy.

21. Harvesting : Sustainable Utilization • Some thing not an exploitation. • Use of a natural resource should not spoil that resource or other resources of nature. • Plucking of a fruit from a tree without spoiling the tree. • This is called harvesting. • The size of energy production system should be completely based on harvesting a resource. • Harvesting of Natural Resources is only is possible through an Ultra Low capacity Energy System.

22. The Size & Issue of Sizing • A Power Plant : > 100 MW. • A Small Power Plant: 5 MW to 20 MW. • A Mini Power Plant: 500 kW to 2 MW. • A Micro Power Plant: 50 kW to 200 kW. • A Pico Power Plant: < 30 kW. • Rural Energy Systems are Pico Plants.

23. Infeasible Business Tecnology • A Pico Power Plant: < 30 kW. • Rural Energy Systems are Pico Plants. • No Standard technologies. • Highly customized Designs. • Low Profit Margins. • Why RES?????