NIDS

1. NIDS https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

2. Ionia - Satrapy of the Achaemenids • The defeat of Croesus by Cyrus the Great|Cyrus was followed by the conquest of all the Ionian cities https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

3. List of kings of Sparta - Lacedaemonids • The Lacedaemonids contain Greeks from the age of legend, now treated as being the Bronze Age in Greece. In the language of mythologic descent, the kingship passed from the Leleges to the Greeks. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

4. List of kings of Sparta - Lacedaemonids • :Years with no dates (only c.) are unknown https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

5. List of kings of Lydia - Tylonids (Heraclids) • Usurping the throne, this semi-legendary dynasty, which established its capital at Sardis, comprised 22 kings reigning for 505 years, according to Herodotus. They were descended from a liaison between Omphale and the mythical hero Heracles (known as Tylon to the Lydians). The kingdom came to be called Lydia after the last king of the previous dynasty. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

6. List of kings of Lydia - Tylonids (Heraclids) • *Agron of Lydia|Agron 1221-? BC (son of Ninus, son of Belus, son of Alcaeus, son of Heracles and Omphale). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

7. List of kings of Lydia - Tylonids (Heraclids) • *(17 kings, names unknown, all succeeding father to son). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

8. List of kings of Lydia - Tylonids (Heraclids) • *Ardys I (Ardysus I) 795-759 BC (son of predecessor). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

9. List of kings of Lydia - Tylonids (Heraclids) • *Meles of Lydia|Meles (Myrsus) 745-733 BC (son of Alyattes I). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

10. List of kings of Lydia - Tylonids (Heraclids) • *Candaules (Myrsilus) 733-716 BC (son of Meles, murdered by Gyges). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

11. Al-Andalus - Almoravids, Almohads and Marinids • In 1086 the Almoravids|Almoravid ruler of Morocco, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, was invited by the Muslim princes in Iberia to defend them against Alfonso VI of Castile|Alfonso VI, King of Kingdom of Castile|Castile and Kingdom of León|León https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

12. Al-Andalus - Almoravids, Almohads and Marinids • The Almoravids were succeeded by the Almohads, another Berber dynasty, after the victory of Yaqub, Almohad Caliph|Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur over the Castilian Alfonso VIII of Castile|Alfonso VIII at the Battle of Alarcos in 1195 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

13. Al-Andalus - Almoravids, Almohads and Marinids • The Castilian king, with the help of Afonso IV of Portugal and Peter IV of Aragon, decisively defeated the Marinids at the Battle of Río Salado in 1340 and took Algeciras in 1344 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

14. Al-Andalus - Almoravids, Almohads and Marinids • In 1469 the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile signaled the launch of the final assault on the Emirate of Granada (Gharnatah). The King and Queen convinced the Pope to declare their war a crusade. The Christians crushed one center of resistance after another and finally, in January 1492, after a long siege, the Moorish sultan Muhammad XII of Granada|Muhammad XII surrendered the fortress palace, the renowned Alhambra (see Fall of Granada). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

15. Hominids • The 'Hominidae' (; also known as 'great apes'Great ape is a common name rather than a taxonomic label, and there are differences in usage. It may exclude human beings (humans and the great apes) or include them (humans and nonhuman great apes).) form a taxonomic biological family|family of primates, including four Extant taxon|extant genus|genera: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

16. Hominids • * Homo (genus)|humans (Homo) – 1 species https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

17. Hominids • * orangutans (Pongo) – 2 species. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

18. Hominids • The term hominid is also used in the more restricted sense as hominins or humans and relatives of humans closer than chimpanzees. The authors write, for example, Hominids and extant African apes have each become highly specialized ... In this usage, all hominid species other than Homo sapiens are extinction|extinct. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

19. Hominids • A number of known extinct genera are grouped with humans in the Homininae subfamily, others with orangutans in the Ponginae subfamily. The most recent common ancestor of the Hominidae lived roughly 14 million years ago, when the ancestors of the orangutans speciated from the ancestors of the other three genera.Dawkins R (2004) The Ancestor's Tale. The ancestors of the Hominidae family had already speciated from those of the Hylobatidae family, perhaps 15 million to 20 million years ago. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

20. Hominids - History • In the early Miocene, about 22 million years ago, the many kinds of arboreally adapted primitive catarrhini|catarrhines from East Africa suggest a long history of prior diversification https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

21. Hominids - History • Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons (family Hylobatidae) diverged from great apes some 18–12 million years ago, and that of orangutans (subfamily Ponginae) diverged from the other great apes at about 12 million years; there are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a so-far-unknown South East Asian hominoid population, but fossil proto-orangutans may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey, dated to around 10 million years ago. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

22. Hominids - History • Species close to the last common ancestor of gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos and humans may be represented by Nakalipithecus fossils found in Kenya and Ouranopithecus found in Greece https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

23. Hominids - Taxonomic history • Humans are one of the four extant taxon|extant hominid genera. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

24. Hominids - Taxonomic history • The classification of the great apes has been History of hominoid taxonomy|revised several times in the last few decades. These various revisions have led to a varied use of the word hominid – the original meaning of Hominidae referred only to the modern meaning of Hominini, i.e. only humans and their closest relatives. The meaning of the taxon changed gradually, leading to the modern meaning of hominid, which includes all great apes and humans. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

25. Hominids - Taxonomic history • The primatology|primatological term 'hominid' is easily confused with a number of very similar words: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

26. Hominids - Taxonomic history • * A 'hominoid', commonly called an ape, is a member of the superfamily ape|Hominoidea: extant members are the lesser apes (gibbons) and great apes. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

27. Hominids - Taxonomic history • * A 'hominine' is a member of the subfamily Homininae: gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos and humans (excludes orangutans). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

28. Hominids - Taxonomic history • * A 'hominin' is a member of the tribe Hominini: modern humans and their extinct relatives. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

29. Hominids - Taxonomic history • * A 'human' is a member of the genus Homo (genus)|Homo, of which Homo sapiens is the only extant species, and within that Homo sapiens sapiens is the only surviving subspecies. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

30. Hominids - Taxonomic history • Many scientists, including paleoanthropology|paleoanthropologists, continue to use the term hominid to mean humans and their direct and near-direct bipedal ancestors. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

31. Hominids - Taxonomic history • As mentioned, 'Hominidae' was originally the name given to humans and their extinct relatives, with the other great apes being placed in a separate family, the Pongidae https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

32. Hominids - Taxonomic history • Especially close human relatives form a subfamily, the Homininae https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

33. Hominids - Taxonomic history • Many extinct hominids have been studied to help understand the relationship between modern humans and the other extant hominids. Some of the extinct members of this family include Gigantopithecus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus, Kenyanthropus, and the australopithecines Australopithecus and Paranthropus.Schwartz, J.H. (2004b) Issues in hominid systematics. Zona Arqueología 4, 360–371. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

34. Hominids - Taxonomic history • The theory of mind including such faculties as mental state attribution, empathy and even empathetic deception is a controversial criterion distinguishing the adult human alone among the hominids https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

35. Hominids - Taxonomic history • However, without the ability to test whether early members of the Hominini (such as Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, or even the australopithecines) had a theory of mind, it is difficult to ignore similarities seen in their living cousins. Orangutans have also been shown to have culture comparable to that of chimpanzees, and some say the orangutan may also satisfy these criteria. These scientific debates take on political significance for advocates of great ape personhood. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

36. Hominids - Extant • The seven living species of great ape are classified in four genus|genera. The following classification is commonly accepted: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

37. Hominids - Extant • * 'Family Hominidae': humans and other great apes; extinct genera and species excluded https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

38. Hominids - Extant • ** Subfamily Ponginae https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

39. Hominids - Extant • ****** Pongo pygmaeus morio https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

40. Hominids - Extant • ***** Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

41. Hominids - Extant • **** Genus Gorilla https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

42. Hominids - Extant • ****** Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

43. Hominids - Extant • ****** Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

44. Hominids - Extant • ******* Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

45. Hominids - Extant • ******* Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

46. Hominids - Extant • ****** Bonobo (pygmy chimpanzee), Pan paniscus https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

47. Hominids - Extant • **** Subtribe Hominina https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

48. Hominids - Extant • ****** Human, Homo sapiens https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

49. Hominids - Extant • ******* Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

50. Hominids - Fossil • In addition to the extant species and subspecies above, archaeologists, paleontologists, and anthropologists have discovered numerous extinct great ape species. Below is based on the following taxonomy. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html