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Basics of Mineral Formation and Identification

Learn about how minerals form and the basic rules for classifying minerals. Understand the importance of inorganic, naturally occurring, regular crystal arrangement, and definite chemical composition in identifying minerals. Explore the methods of mineral identification such as color, hardness, luster, streak, cleavage, and fracture.

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Basics of Mineral Formation and Identification

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  1. Minerals

  2. Formation • Minerals form in two basic ways: • Cooling of hot molten rock Liquid  Solid • Evaporating of solutions Ex. Sea salt

  3. Mineral growth • http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/animations/mineral_growth.htm

  4. What is a mineral?

  5. Minerals • 4 basic rules for classifying minerals • Inorganic • Naturally occurring • Regular crystal arrangement (solid) • Definite Chemical Composition

  6. Inorganic Anything that is not or never was alive ever Mostly anything that is not a carbon molecule

  7. Naturally occurring solid Anything that is not man made Must exist in nature, Naturally

  8. Regular crystal arrangementMUST be a Solid!! Makes a shape or Pattern Examples- Hexagonal Cubic

  9. Definite Chemical composition Chemical formula is always the same never changes Silica

  10. Gold Coal Diamond Ice cubes Rubber Brass Silver Grass Quartz Chrome Paper Steel Copper Sugar Salt Marble So what is a mineral?

  11. Mineral • Gold • Naturally occurring solid • Inorganic • Definite shape • Definite chemical composition Au

  12. Non-mineral • Coal • Naturally occurring solid • Organic

  13. Mineral • Diamond • Naturally occurring solid • Inorganic • Definite shape • Definite chemical composition C

  14. Non-Mineral • Ice Cube -Man made • Inorganic • Definite chemical composition H20 • Outside naturally ?? • Mineral (debatable)

  15. Non-mineral • Rubber • Naturally occurring solid

  16. Non-Mineral • Brass • Naturally occurring solid

  17. Mineral • Silver • Naturally occurring solid • Inorganic • Definite shape • Definite chemical composition Ag

  18. Non-mineral • Grass • Naturally occurring solid - Inorganic

  19. Mineral • Quartz • Naturally occurring solid • Inorganic • Definite shape • Definite chemical composition SiO2

  20. Non-Mineral • Chrome • Naturally occurring solid

  21. Non-Mineral • Paper • Naturally occurring solid • Inorganic

  22. Non-Mineral • Steel • Natural occurring solid

  23. Mineral • Copper • Naturally occurring solid • Inorganic • Definite shape • Definite chemical composition Cu

  24. Non-Mineral • Sugar • Naturally occurring solid - Inorganic • Definite shape • Definite chemical composition C12H22O11

  25. Mineral Halite • Salt • Naturally occurring solid • Inorganic • Definite shape • Definite chemical composition NaCl

  26. Non-Mineral • Marble • Naturally occurring solid - Inorganic

  27. So where do Minerals come from? • Atoms • Substance that can not be broken down into simpler substances • Reality 

  28. Breaking Down the periodic table elements • Every periodic table is the same and different AhhhAHAH! • Atomic # • Larger whole number • Symbol • Short hand • Not always easy • Name • Not always shown • Atomic mass • Avg of all atomic masses proton + Neutrons

  29. Breaking Down the periodic table elements • # of Protons • Positive charge • Same as atomic # • NEVER CHANGES!!! • Ever! • # of Neutrons • No charge • Changes (Isotope) • # of electrons • Negative charge • In shells add all of them • If equal P no charge if different ION MUST DO Math Atomic mass- Protons 107.87-47= 60 neutrons Remember its an average so take smallest #

  30. Match name with symbol • mineral forming elements • O • Ca • Si • Na • Al • K • Fe • Mg

  31. Energy Levels • Areas of space where electrons can move • Closer to nucleus = lower energy • Further from nucleus = high energy • ELECTRONS CANNOT EXIST BETWEEN ENERGY LEVELS!!! • Numbered: level closest to nucleus = 1

  32. Atom as a hotel • Energy levels = floors • Orbitals = rooms • 1st floor has one room • Second floor has four rooms etc • Electrons can move to any room on any floor • Electrons go in pairs Ni

  33. Atomic bonding • Outer shell electrons involved • Less electrons 1,2, or 3… • Lose electrons • More electrons 4+ • Gain electrons • Two Basic types • Covalent (sharing) • Ionic (borrowing)

  34. Ionic bonding • ION= Charged particle • Positive ion • Less electrons • Negative ion • More electrons • Opposites attract • Mostly metal and non metal

  35. Breaking down chemical formulas

  36. Mineral Identification

  37. Color • Not a reliable identification technique • Reason #1 • Similarities in color among minerals Fluorite Amethyst Reason # 2 Minerals are outside! They get weathered Pyrite (Not Weathered ) Pyrite (Weathered)

  38. Mineral Identification • Hardness • Luster • Streak • Cleavage & Fracture

  39. Hardness • Moh’s Hardness scale • 1 thru 10 • 1 being the softest 10 being the hardest

  40. Hardness 1 Talc • Softest • Can be scratched by a fingernail

  41. Hardness 2 Gypsum • Still very soft can be scratched by most fingernails

  42. Hardness 3 Calcite • Harder can be scratched with a penny (copper)

  43. Hardness 4 Fluorite • Harder then 3 but can still be scratched with a steel nail

  44. Hardness 5 Apatite • Still Harder can usually be scratched with a steel nail

  45. Hardness 6 Feldspar • Harder can sometimes be scratched with a steel nail

  46. Hardness 7 Quartz • Hard • Scratches glass and everything lower then 7

  47. Hardness 8 Topaz • Harder • Scratches glass and quartz

  48. Hardness 9 Corundum(Ruby) • Very Hard • Scratches everything but Diamonds

  49. Hardness 10 Diamond • Hardest it goes • Can be scratched by Diamonds only

  50. LUSTER

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