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Universal Gravitation

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation states that all objects attract each other, with gravitational force proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This principle can be expressed as Fg ∝ (m1m2)/d². For instance, if the force of gravity is 18N and one mass is tripled, the new force becomes 54N. Similarly, altering the distance affects gravity: doubling the distance reduces the force to a quarter. This guide illustrates these concepts with clear examples, enhancing the understanding of gravitational effects.

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Universal Gravitation

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  1. Universal Gravitation Newton’s “4th law”

  2. Law of Universal Gravitation Gravity is universal: ALL objects attract each other. The force of gravity is directly proportional to the masses of both objects. The force of gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance.

  3. Fgα m1m2 If you want to know how Fg changes with mass simply multiply the changes in mass. Ex. 1: If the force of gravity is 18N, what would be the new force if one of the masses was tripled? Since Fgα m1m2 then (3m1)(m2)=3Fg The new force of gravity is 3(18)= 54N.

  4. Fgα m1m2 Ex.2: If the force of gravity is 18 units, what would be the new force if one mass is cut in half? Since Fgα m1m2 then (1/2m1)(m2)=1/2Fg The new force of gravity is 1/2(18) = 9 units

  5. Fgα m1m2 Ex.3: If the force of gravity is 18 units, what would be the new force if both the masses were doubled? Since Fgα m1m2 then (2m1)(2m2)=4Fg The new force of gravity is 4(18) = 72 units

  6. Fgα 1/d2 If you want to know how Fg changes with distance square the distance and divide by it. Ex.4: If the force of gravity is 60 units, what would be the new force if the distance between is doubled? Since Fgα1/d2 then (1/(2d)2)=1/4Fg The new force of gravity is 1/4(60) = 15 units

  7. Fgα 1/d2 Ex.5: If the force of gravity is 60 units, what would be the new force if the distance between cut in half? Since Fgα1/d2 then (1/(1/2d)2)=1/(1/4)Fg =4Fg The new force of gravity is 4(60) = 240 units

  8. Fgα m1m2/d2 Fg = 12 units if m1 is tripled and d is doubled, what is the new Fg? Since Fgα m1m2/d2 then (3m1)(m2)/(2d)2=3/4Fg The new force of gravity is 3/4(12) = 9 units

  9. Real Numbers To get Fg to equal Newtons , you must multiply the proportion by a conversion factor. Fg = G(m1m2/d2) • G = 6.67 ×10 -11 Nm2/kg2 • m1 and m2 are measured in kg • d is measured in m

  10. Satellites The distance is always measured from the center of planet to the satellite. d = distance above Earth + radius of Earth Use meters!

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