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Last quiz of the semester!. 1. J. Robert Oppenheimer - Who was he? - What did he do? 2. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at three wartime conferences. List two of those meetings. The Pacific Theater.
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Last quiz of the semester!
1. J. Robert Oppenheimer - Who was he? - What did he do? 2. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at three wartime conferences. List two of those meetings.
The Pacific Theater
Americans were shocked, outraged, and afraid following the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
These emotions almost immediately resulted in fear and hatred people of Japanese heritage living in America.
When Pearl Harbor was attacked, the loyalty of all persons of Japanese background was questioned. Would they support the United States in the war with Japan, or would they help Japan by carrying out attacks in America?
This fear was especially prevalent on the West Coast where the possibility of a Japanese attack seemed likely to those living there.
Remember as well that since the late 1800’s there had been widespread racism and discrimination against Asian immigrants on the West Coast.
Rooted in this fear, and this history of discrimination, nationwide public sentiment immediately turned against the Japanese Americans.
In February, 1942 FDR signed Executive Order 9066 allowing the army to round up people of Japanese descent and force them into relocation camps.
Successful Japanese-Americans were informed that, according to Civilian Exclusion Order 5, they had to close all business holdings, pack and store any property that they could not carry themselves, and to prepare to move to relocation camps.
They were quickly moved to temporary locations, until more permanent camps could be built.
Barracks at the Tanforan relocation camp were made from converted horse stalls.
The government quickly built permanent camps and moved Japanese Americans to more interior locations.
People in the camps were eventually asked the following questions: 1. Will you swear unqualified allegiance to the United States of America and forswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese Emperor? 2. If the opportunity presents itself and you are found qualified, would you be willing to volunteer for military service or act in support of the United States?
If a person answered yes, they were free to enlist in the army, or work outside of the camp.
Fear of a Japanese attack or not, American citizens were being rounded up and essentially put into prisons. Many began to argue that their constitutional rights were clearly being violated.
Korematsu v. U.S. - December 18, 1944 - 6 -3 Decision ruled that the forced removal of Japanese-Americans was totally okay. - Military necessity, and national security outweighed individual rights.
Dec. 14, 1944, the military allowed people of Japanese heritage to return to California. Each person received $25 and transportation back home. When they arrived, they began the process of building new lives.
Having taken care of the “enemy” at home, the military began to wage war against Japan.
The Major Players Hideki Tojo Emperor Hirohito Admiral Isorouku Yamamoto
The Major Players General Douglas MacArthur Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman
What was the main weapon used by both sides in the Pacific Theater?
Coral Sea May 1942
In March, 1942 the Japanese fleet sailed for New Guinea and Australia. A combined U.S. and Australian force successfully turned back the Japanese ships during the 5 day Battle of the Coral Sea in May. This battle is important for two reasons.
The Battle of the Coral Sea 1. The battle was fought almost exclusively between aircraft carriers and the planes they carried. Battleships and destroyers played almost no role in the outcome.
2. It marked the first major defeat of the war for the Japanese.
U.S. forces broke the secret Japanese military code early in the war. As a result, military planners knew where the Japanese would strike next.
Midway June 1942 Coral Sea May 1942
Japan hoped to make one last effort to expand. Taking Midway, the believed, would set them up for further attacks on mainland America. They didn’t know the U.S. had broken their codes, and they couldn’t break ours.
The Japanese lost four of their six aircraft carriers at Midway. They did not have the resources to replace them.
The U.S. went on the offensive. Military leaders had to decide how to best take down the Japanese empire.
The U.S. had two choices: 1. Take back all of the islands and nations captured by the Japanese. 2. Take only the most important islands, cutting a path toward mainland Japan.
President Roosevelt approved of the second strategy and military planners laid the groundwork for a policy of “island hopping.”
As the U.S grew closer to Japan, Japanese resistance and tactics grew more and more fierce To that end, the American military grew closer to using a secret weapon to defeat the Japanese once and for all. . .
