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Critical Filters

Critical Filters. Objective Criticism: Also known as Formalism, Structuralism, or NEW Criticism

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Critical Filters

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  1. Critical Filters Objective Criticism: Also known as Formalism, Structuralism, or NEW Criticism Views any given literary work as freestanding, independent of external references to its author, audience, or the environment in which it is written or read. That is, the work is viewed as authoritative and sufficient in and of itself, or even as a world-in-itself. Objective critics, therefore, evaluate and analyze works based on internal criteria rather than my external standards of judgment. They consider, for instance, whether a work is coherent or unified and how its various components relate to one another rather than how the work is or was received by the public. Objective criticism has its roots in Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Aesthetic Judgment. Focuses exclusively on text and denies author and audience.

  2. Critical Filters Gender Criticism: Also known as Feminist Criticism Gender criticism encompasses a variety of issues: male/female roles in society, sexuality, patriarchy/matriarcy, gay and lesbian criticism, new historicism, and ecofeminism. Gender criticism can look at all aspects of the transaction – author, text, audience. Significant text is Nancy Rule Goldberger’s Women’s Ways of Knowing.

  3. Critical Filters Psychological Criticism: Also known as Psychoanalytic Criticism or Jungian (archetypal) Analyzes texts in terms of mental processes. Focuses mainly on the author and investigates the text as a mode of consciousness. Psychoanalytic criticism is based on Freud’s notion that the human mind is of a dual nature, operating both consciously and unconsciously. The predominately passionate, irrational, unknown and unconscious portion of the brain he called the ID. The ID is insatiable and pleasure driven and is motivated solely by desire. Opposed to the ID is the SUPEREGO or the element that has internalized the mores and standards of society. Moral judgements are made as sacrifices and may not seem to be in our personal self-interest. The EGO is Freud’s I which is rational, conscious, logical and orderly. It must regulate the demands of the SUPEREGO and the ID.

  4. Critical Filters Psychological Criticism: Jungian (archetypal) Archetypal criticism comes from the work of psychologist Carl Jung. Jung’s theory focuses on patterns of myths, images, figures, symbols, and stories that are common in humanity’s collective unconscious. Archetypes are persistent images, figures, and story patterns across cultures and generations. Critics who take an archetypal approach to literature may use genre to help us understand different types of stories: COMEDY=spring, ROMANCE=summer, TRAGEDY=fall, SATIRE=winter. There is association with the seasons and allows us to understand our human condition through stories.

  5. Critical Filters Existential Criticism: Jean-Paul Sartre EXISTENCE PRECEDES ESSENCE The fundamental existential tenet sets the stage for humanity’s struggle against anguished existence. Existentialism seeks to empower humans through RADICAL FREEDOM as an answer to deterministic influences. Free will always means that the RESPONSIBILITY is on the individual… and not on fate, destiny, a deity etc. Schools of existentialists are divided by theism. Theistic existentialists like Soren Kierkegaard and Paul Tillich are countered by Atheistic existentialists like Martin Heidegger and Sartre. Existentialist literary criticism focuses on how well a work of literature represents the existential condition of humanity.

  6. Critical Filters Deconstruction: Jacques Derrida Close Reading of Texts to Show Irreconcilable Contradictions! “Deconstruction is not a dismantling of the structure of a text, but a demonstration that it has already dismantled itself. It is apparently on solid ground, but is not rock but thin air.” J. Hillis Miller Deconstruction is based on the principle that Western Thought revolves around a binary system that holds things in opposition to one another. For example: something is masculine OR feminine, but not both. Language is mired in connotations that often confuse the meaning of a text for the audience.

  7. Critical Filters Poststructuralism: Julia Kristeva Intertextuality = the text is a mosaic of preexisting texts whose meanings it reworks and refines Poststructuralism challenges the assumptions of structuralist thought, rejecting the binary; cause/effect; sign, symbol, signifier mode of understanding language. Derrida claimed that a text cannot be rendered reliably determinable. Modes of poststructuralist criticism include: deconstruction, psychoanalytic, Marxist, cultural, feminist, and gender criticism. Source: The Bedford Guide to Literary Terms

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