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CHAPTER 18 (almost there)

CHAPTER 18 (almost there). Major Mental Disorders & Treatment. What’s the difference?. Organic Psychosis: Psychosis caused by brain injury (gunshot wound) or disease effecting the brain Functional psychosis Based on unknown causes or psychological factors. Organic Psychosis. Dementia:

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CHAPTER 18 (almost there)

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  1. CHAPTER 18 (almost there) Major Mental Disorders & Treatment

  2. What’s the difference? • Organic Psychosis: • Psychosis caused by brain injury (gunshot wound) or disease effecting the brain • Functional psychosis • Based on unknown causes or psychological factors

  3. Organic Psychosis • Dementia: • Most common organic psychosis; serious mental impairment in old age caused by brain deterioration • Archaically known as senility (senile dementia) • Alzheimer’s Disease: • Symptoms include impaired memory, confusion, and progressive loss of mental abilities • Ronald Reagan most famous Alzheimer’s victim • (Page 587)

  4. Delusional… • Delusional Disorders: pg 588 chart • Marked by presence of deeply held false beliefs (delusions) • May involve delusions of grandeur, persecution, jealousy, or somatic delusions • Experiences could really occur! • Paranoid Psychosis: • Most common delusional disorder • Centers on delusions of persecution • UFO abduction

  5. 4 Types of Schizophrenia • Disorganized(Hebephrenic) Type: Incoherence, grossly disorganized behavior, bizarre thinking, and flat or inappropriate emotions • Catatonic Type: Marked by stupor, unresponsiveness, posturing, and mutism • Paranoid Type: Preoccupation with delusions; also involves auditory hallucinations that are related to a single theme, especially grandeur or persecution • Undifferentiated Type: Any type of schizophrenia that does not have specific paranoid, catatonic, or disorganized features or symptoms

  6. Causes of Schizophrenia • Environment • Psychological Trauma: • Psychological injury or shock, often caused by violence, abuse, or neglect • Disturbed Family Environment: • Stressful or unhealthy family relationships, communication patterns, and emotional atmosphere • Deviant Communication Patterns: • Cause guilt, anxiety, anger, confusion, and turmoil • Double-bind communication: • Places the listener in an unsolvable emotional conflict, or “no-win” situation

  7. Causes of Schizophrenia • Heredity • Some individual inherit a potential for developing schizophrenia • They are more vulnerable to the disorder than others are • EX: If 1 identical twin becomes schizophrenic (identical twins have identical genes) then the other twin has a 48% chance of also becoming schizophrenic

  8. Name the Scan

  9. Computer-generated color image of brain activity; radioactive sugar solution is injected into a vein, eventually reaching the brainActivity is abnormally low in frontal lobes of schizophrenics • PET Scan

  10. Computer enhanced X-ray of brain or body • CAT Scan • Look at pg 594

  11. 250 × 227 - cancerresearchuk.org

  12. MRIscan • Computer enhanced three-dimensional image of brain or body; based on magnetic field • MRIs show schizophrenic brains as having enlarged ventricles

  13. Tell me what does this next picture have to do with mental disorders?

  14. Let’s read page 592:Brain Chemistry

  15. BRAIN & SCHIZOPHRENIA • Biochemical Abnormality: • Disturbance in brain’s chemical systems or in the brain’s neurotransmitters • Dopamine: • Neurotransmitter involved with emotions and muscle movement • Works in limbic system • Dopamine excess and overactivityin brain suspected cause ofschizophrenia

  16. Causes of Schizophrenia • Stress-Vulnerability Hypothesis: • Combination of environmental stress and inherited susceptibility cause schizophrenic disorders

  17. Moderate Mood Disorders • Dysthymic Disorder: • Moderate depression that lasts for at least two years • Cyclothymic Disorder: • Moderate manic and depressive behavior that lasts for at least two years

  18. Major Mood DisordersLasting extremes of mood or emotion and sometimes with psychotic features (hallucinations, delusions) • Major Depressive Disorder: • A mood disorder where the person has suffered one or more intense episodes of depression; one of the more serious mood disorders • Bipolar I Disorder: • Extreme mania and deep depression; one type of manic-depressive illness • Mania: Excited, hyperactive, energetic, grandiose behavior • Bipolar II Disorder: • Person is mainly depressedbut has one or more hypomanic episodes (mild mania) • Affective psychosis: • Combination of mood disorder and a break with reality

  19. Causes of Major Mood Disorders • Endogenous Depression: • Depression that seems to be produced from inside the body (due to chemical imbalances) and NOT from life events • Read pg 597

  20. Feeling Sad? It Could Be SAD • Pg 598

  21. Postpartum Depression • Postpartum Depression: • Moderately severe depression that begins within three months following childbirth • Marked by mood swings, despondency, feelings of inadequacy, and an inability to cope with the new baby • May last from two months to one year • Problem often due to dramatic hormonal changes

  22. Therapeutic Interventions • Psychotherapy: • Any psychological treatment for behavioral or emotional problems • Typically involves two people talking about one’s personal problems • Somatic Therapies: • Bodily • Drug therapy, hospitalization, or psychosurgery • Pharmacotherapy: • Use of drugs to alleviate the symptoms of emotional disturbance

  23. Pharmacotherapy • What type of drugs are used in pharmacotherapy? • Tranquilizers • Drugs (Valium) that produce relaxation or reduce anxiety • Antidepressants • Are mood elevating drugs used to combat depression (Zoloft)

  24. More Pharmacotherapy • Stimulants • Psychoactive drugs, activate motivational centers and reduce anxiety • Increase serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitters • Treat narcolepsy and ADHD , ex) Ritalin • Antipsychotics • Neuroleptics: powerful meds that lesson agitated bx, reduce tension, improve social bx and improve sleep pattern • Have tranquilizing effects, also tend to reduce hallucinations and delusional thinking (Thorazine) • Often treatment for schizophrenia • Read pg. 601

  25. Tardive Dyskinesia • Side effects anyone? • 15% of patients taking major tranquilizers develop these http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k67PujOawfI

  26. Other Biological Treatments • Repetitive Transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) • Used for treatment of depression, autism, addiction and anxiety • Repeated pulses surge through a magnetic coil Administered daily for a few weeks, or weekly basis • Works by stimulating the left frontal lobe • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3tPuB31CYc

  27. What is ECT?

  28. Electroconvulsive Therapy

  29. Psychosurgery • Psychosurgery • Any surgical alteration of the brain, all forms are irreversible • Best known psychotherapy • Prefrontal lobotomy: The frontal lobes are surgically disconnected from the other areas of the brain • Deep lesioning: Small target areas are destroyed in the brain’s interior • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk

  30. Hospitalization • Mental Hospitalization • Partial Hospitalization • What is Deinstitutionalization? • What are half-way houses?

  31. Community Health Programs • Community Health Centers • Crisis intervention • What is a paraprofessional?

  32. Homework • Read 613 to 629 • Define all the bold faced terms 

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