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This lecture provides an overview of the system unit and processor in a computer, including the components and functions. It also discusses multi-core processors and cooling technologies.

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  1. Lecture Sabah Arif Introduction to Computing abc@uol.edu.pk Powerpoint Templates

  2. Components of system unit

  3. Objectives Overview See Page 209 for Detailed Objectives Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  4. Objectives Overview See Page 209 for Detailed Objectives Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  5. The System Unit • The system unitis a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data Page 210 Figure 4-1 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  6. The System Unit • The inside of the system unit on a desktop personal computer includes: Page 211 Figure 4-2 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  7. The System Unit • The motherboard is the main circuit board of the system unit • A computer chip contains integrated circuits Page 212 Figure 4-3 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  8. Processor • The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer • Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Page 213 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  9. processor • CPU located on the motherboard. It carries out most of the work of a computer.CPU performs all operations on the data according to the given instructions. it executes instructions and tells other parts of computer what to do. Most of the work consists of calculations and data transfer. all functions of processor usually are on a single chip in personal computer. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  10. Cont….. • The manufactures of processor chip are also providing multi-core processors. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  11. Multi-core processor • A single chip that contains two or more separate processors is known as multi-core processor. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  12. Dual-core processor • A dual-core processor is a chip that that contains two separate processors. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  13. Quad-core processor • A quad-core processor is a chip that contains four separate processors. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  14. Processor Page 213 Figure 4-4 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  15. Central processing unit • CPU consists of two main units: • ALU(arithmetic logic unit) • CU(control unit) Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  16. Processor • The control unitis the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer. It controls and coordinates all activities of computer system. it performs this task by issuing necessary commands to different components of computer. Control unit also provides clock pulses that are used to regulate and control all operations in computer Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Control Unitbelow Chapter 4 Page 214 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  17. System. • Important operations performed by control unit are follows: • It fetches instruction from main memory. • It interprets the instruction to find what operations to be performed. • It controls the execution of instruction. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  18. The arithmetic logic unit(ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  19. Processor • For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle Page 215 Figure 4-5 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  20. Processor • Most current personal computers support pipelining • Processor begins fetching a second instruction before it completes the machine cycle for the first instruction Pages 215 – 216 Figure 4-6 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  21. Processor Page 216 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  22. Processor • The leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Multi-Core Processors below Chapter 4 Pages 216 – 217 Figure 4-7 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  23. Processor • Determine how you plan to use a new computer before selecting a processor Page 218 Figure 4-8 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  24. Processor • A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to burn up • Require additional cooling • Heat sinks • Liquid cooling technology Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Liquid Cooling below Chapter 4 Pages 219 - 220 Figures 4-9 – 4-10 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  25. Processor • Parallel processing uses multiple processors simultaneously to execute a single program or task • Massively parallel processing involves hundreds or thousands of processors Page 220 Figure 4-11 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  26. Interaction between CPU and RAM • RAM and CPU are both placed on the motherboard.RAM is a temporary memory that stores data and instructions for CPU. The CPU takes data and instructions from RAM when required.CPU also places processed data in RAM. The interaction between CPU and RAM takes place every time an instruction is executed. This instruction takes place with the help of computer buses. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  27. Cont…. • RAM is connected to CPU through data bus, control bus and data bus. It is collectively known as system bus. The system bus consists of electrical paths to transfer information between CPU and RAM. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  28. Cont…. • The following steps are performed when CPU wants to read data from RAM: • 1. CPU places the read request on control bus. • CPU places the address of required byte or word on address bus. • Memory unit reads the command and address. It puts the required data on data bus. • CPU read the data from data bus. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  29. Cont… • The following steps are performed when CPU wants to write data to RAM. • CPU places the write request on control bus. • CPU places the address of the word where to write data on address bus. • Memory unit gets ready to do the operation. • CPU puts data on the data bus. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  30. Cont…. • Memory unit reads the data and places it in the required word. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  31. Data Representation Page 221 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  32. Data Representation A computer circuit represents the 0 or the 1 electronically by the presence or absence of an electrical charge Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte. A byte represents a single character in the computer Page 221 Figures 4-12 – 4-13 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  33. Data Representation • ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most widely used coding scheme to represent data Page 221 Figure 4-14 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  34. Data Representation Page 222 Figure 4-15 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  35. Memory • Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data • Stores three basic categories of items: Page 223 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  36. Memory • Each location in memory has an address • Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), orterabytes (TB) Page 223 Figure 4-17 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  37. Memory • The system unit contains two types of memory: Pages 223 - 224 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  38. Memory Page 224 Figure 4-18 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  39. Memory • Different types of memories are: • Random Access Memory(RAM) • Read-only Memory(ROM) Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  40. Random Access Memory(RAM) • RAM stands for random access memory. It is also direct access memory. Random access means that each individual byte in entire memory can b accessed directly. RAM is used to store data and instructions temporarily. A program must be loaded into RAM before execution. • RAM is a volatile memory. It means that its contents are lost when the power is turned off. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  41. Random Access Memory(RAM) • RAM is read/write memory. CPU can read data from RAM and write data to RAM. it is used to store data and instruction while it is being executed. RAM is also called main memory or primary storage. • RAM plays very important role in the processing speed of a computer. A bigger RAM size provides larger amount of space for processing. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  42. Random Access Memory(RAM) • So the processing speed is increased. Most desktop computers have 512MB of RAM and allow the addition of memory if needed. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  43. Types of RAM • 1:Dynamic RAM(DRAM) • DRAM stands for dynamic random access memory. It is the least expensive kind of RAM. • DRAM requires an electric current to maintain its electrical state. the electrical charge of DRAM decreases with time that may results in loss of data. • DRAM is recharged or refreshed again and again to maintain its data. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  44. Dynamic RAM(DRAM) • The processor cannot access the data of DRAM when it is being refreshed. that is why it is slow. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  45. 2:Static RAM • SRAM stands for Static Random Access Memory. It can store data without any need of frequent recharging.CPU does not need to wait to access data from SRAM during processing. • That is why it is faster than DRAM. It utilizes less power than DRAM. SRAM is more expensive. It is normally used to build a very fast memory known as cache memory. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  46. Read- only Memory (ROM) • ROM stands for read only memory. The instructions in ROM prepare the computer for use. These instructions can only be read but cannot be changed or deleted. It is not possible to write new information or instruction into the ROM. • It stores data and instructions permanently. When the power switched off, the instructions stored in ROM are not lost. So it is called non-volatile Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  47. Read- only Memory (ROM) • Memory. • When the computer is switched on, the instructions in the ROM are automatically loaded into the memory of the computer. ROM contains a small set of instructions called ROM BIOS. • BIOS stand for input/output system. these instruction tell the computer how to access hard disk, find operating system and load in it RAM. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  48. Types of ROM 1:Programmable read only memory(PROM) • This form of ROM is initially blank. The user can write data and programs on it using special devices. • The user can write data and instructions on it only once. If there is any error in writing the instructions, the error cannot be removed from • PROM. The chip becomes unusable. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  49. Types of ROM 2:Erasable programmable read only memory(EPROM) This form of ROM is initially blank. The user can write data and programs on it using special devices. The data and programs written on it can be erased with special devices using ultraviolet rays. The user then can write new program on it. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

  50. Types of ROM 3: electronically erasable programmable read only memory(EEPROM) In this memory user can erase and write instructions with the help of electrical pulses. If there is any error in writing the instructions, the user can erase the contents electronically. The contents of EEPROM can b modified easily. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

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