1 / 50

Blending

Blending. Blending. Examples: flush ( fl ash + bl ush ) beefburger ( beef + ham burger ) Eurasia ( Eur ope + Asia ) Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word or vice versa. Blending. Names of such words:

solana
Télécharger la présentation

Blending

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Blending

  2. Blending • Examples: • flush (flash + blush) • beefburger (beef + hamburger) • Eurasia (Europe + Asia) • Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word or vice versa.

  3. Blending • Names of such words: • blends • pormanteau words

  4. Blending • Patterns of blending • 1. head + tail • autocide (automobile + suicide)撞车自杀 • motel (motor + hotel) 汽车旅馆 • cremains (cremate + remains) 骨灰

  5. Blending • 2. head + head • comsat (communications + satellite) • 通讯卫星 • Amerind (American + Indian) 美印地安人 • sitcom (situation + comedy) 情景喜剧 • fansub (fanatic + subtitle)　影迷字幕

  6. Blending • 3. head + word • medicare (medical + care)医疗照顾制度 • telequiz (telephone + quiz)电话测试 • autocamp (automobile + camp) 汽车野营

  7. Blending • 4. word + tail • netizen (net +citizen) 网民 • lunarnaut (lunar + astronaut)登月宇航员 • bookmobile (book + automobile) 流动书店 • workfare (work + welfare) 劳动福利

  8. Blending • autocide (automobile + suicide)撞车自杀 • sitcom (situation + comedy) 情景喜剧 • autocamp (automobile + camp) 汽车野营 • workfare (work + welfare) 劳动福利 • All the examples are nouns.

  9. Blending • A few verbs: • guestimate (guess + estimate)估猜 • breathalyse (breath + analyse) 　　　　　 　　　　对呼吸测酒分析 • Words of such are less than formal.

  10. Clipping

  11. Clipping • Definition • plane (aeroplane) • exam (examination) • taxi (taximeter cabriolet) • Clipping is to shorten a word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.

  12. Clipping • Types of clipping: • 1. Front clipping • quake (earthquake) • scope (telescope) • 2. Back clipping • memo (memorandum) • disco (discotheque)

  13. Clipping • 3. Front and back clipping • flu (influenza) • fridge (refrigerater) • 4. Phrase clipping • pub (public house) • zoo (zoological garden)

  14. Clipping • Changes: • fridge (refrigerator) • bike (bicycle) • coke (cocoa cola) • telly (television) • pram (perambulator)

  15. Clipping • The changes are made to conform to the English ways of spelling and pronunciation. • Such words are informal, generally used in conversations.

  16. Acronymy

  17. Acronymy • Definition: • Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining initial letters from names of social and political organizations or technical terms. • Words made as such areinitialisms (alphabetism)or acronyms.

  18. Acronymy • Initialisms • Initialisms pronounced letter by letter • A.D. (Anno Domini) • B.C. (Before Christ) • VOA (Voice of America) • WTO (World Trade Organization)

  19. Acronymy • Exceptions: • TV (television) • TB (tuberculosis) • ID (identification card/ identity card)

  20. Acronymy • Acronyms • Acronyms pronounced as normal words • AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) • CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) • One letter from each of the words.

  21. Acronymy • WAVES (Women Appointed forVoluntary Emergency Service) • TOEFL (teaching of English asaforeign language) • laser (lightwave amplification bystimulated emission of radiation) • radar (radio detecting and ranging)

  22. Acronymy • Taking one or more letters from one word and leaving out others. • Hybrid words: • G-man (Government man) • D-Day (Decimalization Day) • V-Day (Victory Day) • Acronymy is very productive.

  23. Sound Reduplication

  24. Sound Reduplication • Examples: • goody-goody 好好先生 • willy-nilly 乱七八糟/不管怎样 • shilly-shally 优柔寡断 • Sound reduplication is a repetition of a word form with a little or no change.

  25. Sound Reduplication • Four types of reduplication: • 1. Words imitating natural sounds (equal to onomatopeic words) • tick-tuck滴答滴答 • ha ha ha哈哈哈 • bow-wow汪汪汪 • cock-a-doodle-doo喔喔喔

  26. Sound Reduplication • 2. words suggesting alternating movements • ping-pang 乒乓 • seesaw跷跷板/上下起伏 • flip-flop 啪嗒啪嗒

  27. Sound Reduplication • 3. Words suggesting ‘instability, non-sense, insincerity, vacillation’, etc. • fingle-fangle标新立异 • miz-maze迷津/头脑混乱 • higgledy-piggledy杂乱无章 • dilly-dally三心二意/浪费时间

  28. Sound Reduplication • 4. Words for intensifying • teeny-weeny小小的 • tip-top顶尖的/出色的 • super-duper了不起/出色

  29. Sound Reduplication • 汉语重叠 • 1. AABB • 热热闹闹 哭哭啼啼 吃吃喝喝 • 2. ABB/BBA • 红希希 黑乎乎 梆梆硬 滚滚圆 • 3. ABAB • 哗啦哗啦 讨论讨论

  30. Sound Reduplication • 4. A里AB • 俗里俗气 傻里傻气 莽里莽撞 • 5. AA • 个个 张张 迢迢 堂堂 声声 项项 • 想想 看看 走走 读读 问问 写写

  31. Backformation

  32. Backformation • Examples: • editor edit • butler butle • laser lase • diagnosis diagnose • Backformation is to make new words by removing the so-called suffixes.

  33. Backformation • Source words for backformation: • 1. Abstract nouns • enthusiasm enthuse • donation donate • emotion emote

  34. Backformation • 2. Human nouns • sculptor sculpt • author auth • loafer loaf

  35. Backformation • 3. Adjectives • drowsy drowse • lazy laze

  36. Backformation • 4. Compound nouns and others • merrymaking merry-make • eavesdropping eavesdrop • mass-production mass-produce

  37. Backformation • Almost all the back-formed words are verbs. • They are all informal.

  38. Commonization of Proper Nouns

  39. Commonization • Definition • Commonizaton is formation of new words by changing proper names into common words. • banting = reducing weight by going on a diet 节食减肥疗法 • Banting = a doctor who developed this cure, hence his name

  40. Commonization • Types of proper names: • 1. Names of people • ampere French physicist Ampere • farad British physicist Faraday • ohm German physicist Ohm • volt Italian physicist Volta • watt Scottish inventor Watt

  41. Commonization • proteanProteus, a sea deity with the power to assume different forms • meaning: able to assume different forms or characters; versatile

  42. Commonization • quixotic DonQuixote in the novel Don Quixote de la Mancha by Cervantés • meaning: extravagantly romantic, idealistic, chivalrous

  43. Commonization • bobby Sir Robert Peel, founder of London police in early 19th century • meaning: policeman (BrE)

  44. Commonization • 2. Names of places • china from China • meaning: porcelain • champagne from Champagnein France • meaning: wine (of that name) • rugby from a British Rugby School • meaning: ball game of rugby

  45. Commonization • 3. Names of books • utopia from Sir Thomas More's book Utopia • meaning: an imaginary perfect society • odyssey from Homer's epic The Odyssey • meaning: a long journey full of hardships

  46. Commonization • 4. Tradenames • nylon 尼龙 (音译) • orlon 奥纶 (音译) • dacron 的确良 (音译) • rayon人造丝 (义译) • frisbee飞碟 (义译)

  47. Commonization • Form and part of speech: • boycott (n & v) 19th century Landlord Captain Boycott • meaning: refusal or refuse to do business with

  48. Commonization • cabal (n & v) Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, lauderdale (British Ministers) • meaning: clique or make secret plans for political action

  49. Commonization • Adding suffixes • adjective suffix: -ic, -an, -al, -ist, -ese, -ish, -esque • Examples: colossal, irenic, stentorian, Micawberish, picaresque • Noun suffix: -ism, -(i)ne, -age, -ade, -ia, -ity, -ry • Examples:solecism, morphine, sabotage, pasquinade, magnolia

  50. END

More Related