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Observer Scanner Training

Observer Scanner Training. Understanding Weather Section 10 by 1st Lt. Alan Fenter. Section 1: Reduced Visibility. Objective: Discuss acceptable flight visibility, fog, and search area hazards. Flight Visibility. What does the FAA consider acceptable visibility for Safe flight?.

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Observer Scanner Training

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  1. Observer Scanner Training Understanding Weather Section 10 by 1st Lt. Alan Fenter

  2. Section 1: Reduced Visibility • Objective: • Discuss acceptable flight visibility, fog, and search area hazards. Level II Technician Rating

  3. Flight Visibility Level II Technician Rating

  4. What does the FAA consider acceptable visibility for Safe flight? Check for Understanding 3 miles lateral visibility with 6/10 of cloud cover with a base at least 1000 feet above the surface. Level II Technician Rating

  5. What is the biggest problem caused by fog? Check for Understanding Difficult of impossible to see runways or landing areas Level II Technician Rating

  6. Level II Technician Rating

  7. What type of man-made object becomes a much greater hazard to search aircraft when visibility is poor? Check for Understanding Very tall towers Level II Technician Rating

  8. Section 2: Haze and Smoke • Objective: • Complete statements concerning haze and smoke as flight hazards. Level II Technician Rating

  9. A fine dust causing a lack of transparency in the air is called ________. Check for Understanding haze Level II Technician Rating

  10. A condition in which cooler air is overlain by warmer air is called ____________________. Check for Understanding Temperature Inversion Level II Technician Rating

  11. A stable atmosphere means the air does not mix through transfer of ________. Check for Understanding heat Level II Technician Rating

  12. The transfer of heat is called ____________. Check for Understanding Convection Level II Technician Rating

  13. Calm winds that do not move haze and smoke out of areas cause poor ________. Check for Understanding visibility Level II Technician Rating

  14. In the summer smoke and haze may extend upward over _______ feet during the heat of the day. Check for Understanding 10,000 Level II Technician Rating

  15. In smoke and haze the greatest surprise to small aircraft pilots is the ______________. Check for Understanding Thunderstorm Level II Technician Rating

  16. Section 3: Blowing Dust, Snow, & Sand • Objective: • Discuss the conditions and dangers involved with dust, sand, snow, and whiteout. Level II Technician Rating

  17. Wind can spread dust over hundreds of miles and upward to 15,000 feet. One choice…Turn and LAND! Blowing Dust or Sand Level II Technician Rating

  18. Section 4: Turbulence • Objective: • Select true statements from false ones concerning wake turbulence, its dangers, and proper procedures to deal with it. Level II Technician Rating

  19. Four Categories of Turbulence: • Light - unsecured objects are displace slightly • Moderate - unsecured objects are dislodge • Severe - unsecured objects are tossed about • Extreme - aircraft practically impossible to control Level II Technician Rating

  20. Turbulence types: • Low-Level Turbulence LLT • Turbulence Near Thunderstorms TNT • Clear Air Turbulence CAT • Mountain Wave Turbulence MWT Level II Technician Rating

  21. Low-Level Turbulence (LLT) • Turbulence below 15,000 feet • Due to surface heating or friction, within a few thousand feet of the ground • LLT includes • Mechanical Turbulence • Convective Turbulence • Frontal Turbulence and Wake Turbulence Level II Technician Rating

  22. Mechanical Turbulence • Obstructions such as a line of trees, buildings and hills • Strong winds flowing perpendicular to mountain ridges - greatest on leeward side • During gusty wind conditions, approach and land using power-on Level II Technician Rating

  23. Convective Turbulence • Cause by thermals produced by daytime heating of the air in contact with the hot ground. Bubbles of air (thermals) rise causing low level turbulence • If the air is moist, cumulus clouds may be seen • Convective turbulence can be from light to severe turbulence Level II Technician Rating

  24. Frontal Turbulence • Just ahead of a fast moving cold front • Updrafts can reach up to 1000 feet per minute Level II Technician Rating

  25. CAT - Clear Air Turbulence: • Turbulence in clear air- no visual warnings • It is usually encountered above 15,000 feet Level II Technician Rating

  26. CAT - Clear Air Turbulence: • Often develops near the jet stream (narrow band of very fast winds near the tropopause • When a pilot enters an area where significant CAT has been reported, an appropriate action when the first ripple is encountered is to adjust airspeed to that recommended for rough air • A curving jet stream (associated with a deep trough) produces greater turbulence than a straight jet stream Level II Technician Rating

  27. Mountain Wave turbulence: • When wind is 40 Kts. or more across mountain tops • One of the most dangerous features of mountain wave is the turbulent area in and below rotor clouds Level II Technician Rating

  28. Wake Turbulence • A wing generating lift spills the higher pressure air (from under the wing) at the wing tip causing wingtip vortices • The greatest vortex strength occurs behind heavy, clean, and slow aircraft. (After takeoff: high angle of attack and maximum gross weight) • When taking off behind a large aircraft on the same runway, takeoff at a point before the takeoff point of the departing aircraft Level II Technician Rating

  29. Wake Turbulence • When landing behind a large aircraft on the same runway, stay at or above the other aircraft's final approach flight path and land beyond that airplane's touchdown point • The wind condition that prolongs the hazards of wake turbulence on a landing runway for the longest period of time is a light quartering tail wind Level II Technician Rating

  30. Causes of turbulence include encountering air too close to: • Thunderstorms and cumulus clouds • Atmospheric waves produced by mountains • Air flowing around hilly terrain • Atmospheric cold and warm fronts • Tropical storms or hurricanes • Edges of jet streams Level II Technician Rating

  31. Section 5: Icing • Objective: • Discuss the effects and dangers of icing, particularly glaze and frost on an aircraft. Level II Technician Rating

  32. Kinds of Ice • Rime Ice • Clear or Glaze Ice • Mixed Ice • Frost 10.8% of all weather accidents result from icing Level II Technician Rating

  33. Close-up of leading edge ice formation Level II Technician Rating

  34. In-flight wing leading edge ice formation Level II Technician Rating

  35. Section 6: Severe Weather • Objective: • Complete statements concerning weather threats to aircraft, particularly thunderstorms, their development, and effects. Level II Technician Rating

  36. Cumulus Stage • Updrafts form from heating and can reach speeds of several thousand FPM. • Altitudes can exceed 40,000 Feet Level II Technician Rating

  37. Mature Stage • Marked by the beginning of rain on the ground. • This cloud has become a cumulonimbus cloud because it has an updraft, a downdraft, and rain. Level II Technician Rating

  38. Dissipating Stage • After about 30 minutes, the thunderstorm begins to dissipate. • This occurs when the downdrafts in the cloud begins to dominate over the updraft. • Longest stage of a Thunderstorm. Level II Technician Rating

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