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Dement and Kleitman (1957)

Dement and Kleitman (1957). The relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity: An objective method for the study of dreaming. What is REM?.

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Dement and Kleitman (1957)

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  1. Dement and Kleitman (1957) The relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity: An objective method for the study of dreaming Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  2. What is REM? • R.E.M. is a rock band formed in Athens, Georgia in early 1980 by drummer Bill Berry, guitarist Peter Buck, bassist Mike Mills and vocalist Michael Stipe. Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  3. No, but what is R.E.M. really….? • It stands for Rapid Eye Movement • It happens while you’re asleep • You can see it happening when the sleeper’s eyes are closed • You can measure it with a device called an ELECTROOCULAROGRAM (E.O.G.) • Aserinsky & Kleitman (1955) had already shown a link between dreaming and R.E.M. Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  4. How else can you study dreaming? • You can measure people’s BRAINWAVES while they’re sleeping • You use a device called an ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (E.E.G.) which attaches to the scalp Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  5. Cycle back through stages REM So what do we know? • People go through different stages while they’re asleep • Stages 1 is light sleep, stages 2, 3 and 4 get deeper and deeper • These stages are non-REM (NREM) sleep • Stage 5, the deepest, is REM sleep • After a while of REM, you drop back to a lighter stage then repeat the cycle Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  6. The Procedure • Natural experiment in a lab setting • Also: a controlled observation • Sample: 7 men, 2 women (volunteers) • IV = woken in NREM or REM • DV = self reports of dreaming Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  7. What happened? • P’s turn up at the lab at bedtime • They sleep attached to an EEG and an EOG • A buzzer wakes them up at odd intervals • They describe their dream into a tape recorder • They are woken on average 5.7 times a night, 6 hours sleep Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  8. Any controls? • No alcohol or caffeine drunk • 5 P’s studied intensively (6-17 nights), other 4 only studied for 1 or 2 nights • This is to check sleep disruption isn’t affecting results • No talking directly to a researcher (demand characteristics) Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  9. What was being tested? • Did dreams happen during REM or during NREM? • Did the duration of the dream match the duration of the REM? • Did the content of the dream match the direction of the eye movements? Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  10. Do dreams happen in REM? • Everyone had REM at some point in their sleep – often several times • REM matches up with fast low-voltage brainwaves on the EEG • REM lasts 3-50 minutes (average 20) and gets longer as the night goes on • Sleepers woken in REM usually reported a dream Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  11. NON-REM AWAKENINGS REM AWAKENINGS Let’s see that as a graph Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  12. Show me the figures Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  13. Explain the anomalies • Half of the NREM dreams were reported within 8 minutes of leaving REM – maybe “remembered” dreams • Most dream-less REM was early in the night Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  14. Let’s look at individuals Does anybody stand out as “different”? Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  15. What about the length of dreams? • P’s couldn’t estimate this, so researchers randomly woke them after 5 or 15 mins of REM and asked them to guess • Most P’s could guess correctly • So it looks like time passes in a dream the same way it passes in “waking” life Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  16. Let’s see that as a graph 5 MINUTES AFTER AWAKENING 15 MINUTES AFTER AWAKENING Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  17. Show me the figures Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  18. What about the direction of eye movements? • VERTICLE movements (3 out of 35) • Looking up a cliff, climbing a ladder, aiming basketballs at hoops • HORIZONTAL (1 out of 35) • Watching two people throw tomatoes at each other • BOTH TYPES (21) • Looking at things close up • NO MOVEMENT (10) • Looking at things in the distance Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  19. Discussion • Does the evidence support the idea of dreams occurring in REM? • Do dreams occur at the same rate as “real” experiences? • Does REM reflect what you’re “looking at” in your dream? • What problems are there with this sample? • Does this study have ecological validity? • How else can dreams be studied? Dement & Kleitman (1957)

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