Milan 1880

1. Milan 1880 The Near- Destruction of Deaf Education By Lauren Simerlink Index Music Next

2. Index Milan 1880Failure of Deaf Education Grade 9 Social Studies: American History Content Standards: Topic: Historical Thinking and Skills Content Statements -Historical events provide opportunities to examine alternative courses of action. -The use of primary and secondary information includes and examination of the credibility of each source *Students will research facts about Milan 1880 and Deafness and organize it into a lesson to be taught to the class Title Deafness

3. Index Title Standards Deafness Early Deaf Edu Pre- Milan Edu Goals Of Milan Methods Theory of Lip reading Realities of Lip reading Lip reading 1 Lip reading 2 Effects Literacy Cognitive Psychological Social Reformation Stigma Summary Works Cited

4. Index What is Deafness? • “deaf”-Partially or completely lacking the sense of hearing • “Deaf”- The culture group comprised of people who use Sign Language as a means of communication. Members may or may not have the ability to hear • “Hearing”- Label assigned to people who use vocal language as a primary means of communication Early Deaf Edu. Title

5. Index Early Deaf Education • Early 1500s- Deaf education began -Ponce de Leon -Beginning of Oralism • Beginning of Sign as an education method -Juan Pable Martin Bonet • 1780s- Deaf people in France began learning in Sign Language -Became fully literate and educated (Sturley) Pre-Milan Deafness

6. Index Pre-Milan Deaf Edu. • Deaf education continued to be stellar • Deaf people who would have previously had no opportunities were becoming authors, teachers, and leaders in their societies (Sturley) • until… Millan 1880 Early Edu.

7. Index Goals of Milan 1880 • Include Deaf people in the Hearing Community • Improve Deaf literacy and cognitive processes • Prevent a delay in language acquisition (thought to be the result of Sign Language) (“Milan”) Milan 1880 Pre-Milan Methods

8. Index Methods • Reform all Deaf schools to Oralism • -Lay off Deaf teachers who signed to students • -Hired non- signing Hearing teachers who were trained in the Oralist method • Discourage students from signing • Tell parents not to sign with their children • Encourage Deaf-Blind students who have some site to lip-read (Sturley) Lipreading Goals

9. Index Theory of Lipreading • Students learn to recognize the “shapes” of letters/sounds • If words or sounds cannot be heard or lip read, it is easy to guess them from context (Hearing Link) Methods Reality

10. Index Realities of Lipreading • Lipreading is drastically misunderstood by many Hearing people • 30% comprehension (“Oralism”) -Results in misunderstanding, isolation, embarrassment • Certain sounds look identical • Visibility is affected by many factors -Speed, overbite, smiling, over or under enunciation… (Bauman) Lip-reading Theory

11. Index Lip reading Voice

12. Index Lip reading Effects

13. Lip-reading’s Effects on: Literacy Cognition Psychology SocialLife Voice

14. Index Effects on Deaf Literacy • Deaf children who were exposed to Sign at an early age read better than Deaf children who were taught with Oralism at an early age (Brown) • Average Deaf 17-year-old -4th grade reading level -6th grade math Lip-reading

15. Index Cognitive Effects • Difficulty understanding words with multiple meanings (ex: “ran”) • Passive voice (Burke) • Tenses -(‘s’ and ‘ed’ are hard to hear) • Abstract concepts -Delayed language acquisition (“Effects”) Auditory cortex (purple) is beside Wernicke’s Area (blue) Lip-reading

16. Index Psychological Effects • Rate of mental illness twice as large as that of the general population (Ladd) • Anger, depression, embarrassment, low self-confidence (Healthy Hearing) Lip-reading

17. Index Social Effects • Deaf people were isolated -Couldn’t sign or speak • Felt awkward in public settings (Van Cleve) Lip-reading Reformation

18. Index Reformation • 1950s- people began to realize Oralism was a failure • Introduced “Total Communication”-speak and sign (Sturley) Social Effects Stigma

19. Index Stigma of Deafness • Cannot hear anything • Always need interpreter • Can lip read perfectly • Deaf are stupid (because of the voice) • Hearing people tend to stare (Atcherson) Deaf woman Singing “Let It Snow.” She posted this video on YouTube to prove a point about how it feels to not be able to understand another person’s speech. Reformation Attitudes

20. Index Summary • “Deaf” is a culture- not a disability • Millan 1880 almost destroyed the Deaf community • Lipreading is an ineffective means of communication for the Deaf • All Sign Languages are certified languages and can communicate as effectively as spoken languages Bibliography “Thriller” in ASL Milan 1880 Stigma

21. Index Bibliography • American Speech-Langauge-Hearing Association (N.d.).Effects of Hearing Loss on Development. Retrieved from http://www.asha.org/public/hearing/disorders/effects.htm • Atcherson, Samuel R., M.Ed. Stigma and Misconceptions of Hearing Loss: Implications for Healthcare Professionals with Hearing Loss.Retireved from http://www.amphl.org/articles/atcherson2002.pdf • Bauman, Neil (March 200). Successfully Coping With Hearing Loss. Retrieved from http://www.hearinglosshelp.com/articles/speechreading.htm • Fleischer, Doris Zames. Frieda Zames. The Disability Rights Movement: From Charity to Confrontation. Philadelphia: Temple UniversityPress. • Brown, Rodger. Social Psychology, 2nd Edition. New York, NY: The Free Press. (R. Burke, personal communication, March 9, 2013). • PBS (March 2007). Oral Education and Women in the Classroom.Retireved from http://www.pbs.org/weta/throughdeafeyes/deaflife/women.html • (n.a.) (n.d.). Oralism and How it Affects the Development of the Deaf Child. Retrieved from http://www.csus.edu/wac/journal/2010/Hood_Research_Paper.pdf • Hearing Link (n.d.). HearingLink: Connecting People. Retrieved from http://www.hearinglink.org/lipreading Bibliography Summary

22. Index • Healthy Hearing (September 6, 2012). Emotional effects Related to Untreated Hearing Loss. Retrieved fromhttp://www.healthyhearing.com/content/articles/Hearing-loss/Types/50526-Emotional-effects-linked-to-untreated-hearing-loss--not • Madrid, Martha Manette. The Speech Organs and Their Functions. Retrieved fromhttp://www.slideshare.net/MariaMarthaManetteMadrid/the-organs-of-speech-and-their-function • Lad, Paddy and Mike Gulliver, Sarah Batterbury (n.d.).Reassessing Minority Language Empowerment from a Deaf perspective: The other 32 Languages. Retrieved from http://www.aberystwyth.ac.uk/mercator/images/LaddGulliverBatterburypaper0904031.pdf • Sturley, Nick (n.d.). Milan 1880. Retrieved from http://www.milan1880.com/milan1880history/beforemilan1880.html • Van Cleve, John Vickrey. Deaf History Unveiled: Interpretations from the New Scholarship.Washington, D.C. GallaudetUnviersitypress. Picture Citations Bibliography

23. Index Picture Citations • F1online. n.d.[Portrait of a little boy with missing two front teeth]. Retrieved from: http://www.f1online.pro/en/image-details/2948184.html • Prognathism. n.d. [Example of mandibular prognathism]. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognathism • SamMuslim, DDS Face Lift Dentistry. n.d.[Picture of teeth with overbite]. Retrieved from: http://www.faceliftdentistry.com/ • HearingTherapy Australia. n.d. [Diagram of theory of lipreading]. Retrievedfrom: http://hearingtherapyaustralia.com/info/lipreading.html • CW Books. n.d.[Picture of books]. Retrieved from: http://www.readcwbooks.com/ • The Brain. n.d.[Picture of the brain with labels]. Retrieved from: http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~gawron/intro/course_core/lectures/aphasia_cases_slides.html • Las Vegas Guardian Express. September 15, 2013. [Picture of a depresses man sitting with head in hands]. Retrieved from: http://guardianlv.com/2013/09/can-religion-and-spirituality-cause-depression/ • Return Yoga. n.d.[Picture of person sitting alone in crowd]. Retrieved from: http://www.returnyoga.org/2012/07/16/a-slice-of-the-beloved-the-yoga-of-relationships/ Picture Citations Text Citations

24. Index • Acoustics ’08 Paris. July 4, 2008. [Picture of Deaf girl with cochlear implant whispering into another girl’s ear]. Retrieved from: http://www.acoustics.org/press/155th/iglehart.htm • University of Nebraska: Special Education & Communication Disorders. n.d.[Picture of teacher signing to student]. Retrieved from: http://cehs.unl.edu/barkley/sped/deafed/pbl.shtml • WBUR: Boston’s NPR News Station. November 1, 2013. [Picture of a teacher signing to a boy who has a cochlear implant]. http://www.wbur.org/npr/150245885/cochlear-implants-redefine-what-it-means-to-be-deaf • Quincy Herald-Whig. September 26, 2012. [Signing for awareness>>QU Deaf Day] Retrieved from: https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRFiWRLk7cCgDR67efLkPe5zElXrKf6mfB3Dw39-KAHAvdyaB54 • IBM connecting. n.d.[Deaf church]. Retrieved from: https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS9pcatm31hjlVXgzgpE80f2Ua6fSMif55S2nOwc5WH4O28JTQC • SoundBite Hearing System. n.d.[Diagram of inner ear]. Retrieved from: http://www.soundbitehearing.com/hearing-loss/single-sided-deafness.cfm • Milan 1880. n.d.[Pablo’s sign methods]. Retrieved from: http://www.milan1880.com/milan1880history/Resources/item11a1ac.gif • Deaf Expressions. July 27, 2010. [Sign Language is Banned!]. Retrieved from: http://deafexpressions.blogspot.com/2010/07/you-say-oralism-isnt-perfect-right-on.html Picture Citations Picture Citations

25. Index • BBC News. October 15, 2012. [‘I’ve missed a year of school with ADHD].Retrived from: https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1656&bih=819&q=ear&oq=ear&gs_l=img.3..0l10.5275.5793.0.8017.3.3.0.0.0.0.62.158.3.3.0....0...1ac.1.30.img..0.3.158.N5v9pO_TkjY#hl=en&q=parent+telling+child+no&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=kkBKkcc6BagbQM%3A%3B1jzWuDeQoSWXMM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fnews.bbcimg.co.uk%252Fmedia%252Fimages%252F63447000%252Fjpg%252F_63447887_mother_telling_off_son.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.bbc.co.uk%252Fnews%252Fhealth-19910955%3B464%3B261 • Dreamstime. n.d.[Royalty Free Stock Photos:Hands in handcuffs]. Retrieved from: https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1656&bih=819&q=ear&oq=ear&gs_l=img.3..0l10.5275.5793.0.8017.3.3.0.0.0.0.62.158.3.3.0....0...1ac.1.30.img..0.3.158.N5v9pO_TkjY#hl=en&q=hands+in+handcuffs&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=TDmNJlpUtj0sdM%3A%3B6VvD0fzxQs6VtM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fthumbs.dreamstime.com%252Fz%252Fhands-handcuffs-isolated-over-white-background-32915138.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.dreamstime.com%252Froyalty-free-stock-photos-hands-handcuffs-isolated-over-white-background-image32915138%3B1300%3B957 • DeafGeoff. March 3, 2012. [Lipreading:Examples of sounds and what mouths look like when saying them]. Retrieved from: http://deafgeoff.com/2012/03/03/lipreading-and-live-tweeting-bring-something-unique-to-twitter-during-events/ • B4tea: Daily Dose of News for your healthy lifestyle. n.d.[Picture of a woman’s lips].http://b4tea.blogspot.com/2012/01/natural-tips-for-beautiful-soft-lips-in.html • GeekAlerts: Gadgets for Geeks. October 10, 2011. [I’m a Man Beard]. Retrieved from: https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1656&bih=819&q=ear&oq=ear&gs_l=img.3..0l10.5275.5793.0.8017.3.3.0.0.0.0.62.158.3.3.0....0...1ac.1.30.img..0.3.158.N5v9pO_TkjY#hl=en&q=man+with+beard&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=KiUXimBXzFSQrM%3A%3B-Lyu30WBHJ0OfM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.geekalerts.com%252Fu%252FIm-a-Man-Beard.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.geekalerts.com%252Fim-a-man-beard%252F%3B570%3B624 Picture Citations Video Citations

26. Index Video Citations • YouTube music Awards. Deaf Girl Signing ‘Let it Snow.’ Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ASGJIvvXXE • YouTube Music Awards. Thriller in ASL. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5laIgaaFJ8o • Lauren Simerlink. A point about lip reading. Picture Citations