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Consciousness / Christof Koch

Consciousness / Christof Koch. Matjaž Gams Institut “ Jo ž ef Stefan ”. AGENDA. AI, superintelligence IJCAI 2015 Turing test 2014/15 Consciousness / Koch. AI ENDANGERS HUMAN EXISTENCE. Elon Musk, the billionaire chief executive of SpaceX and Tesla Motors and a techno-optimist

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Consciousness / Christof Koch

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  1. Consciousness / Christof Koch Matjaž Gams Institut “Jožef Stefan” Cognitive science, 8.10.2015

  2. AGENDA • AI, superintelligence • IJCAI 2015 • Turing test 2014/15 • Consciousness / Koch Cognitive science, 8.10.2015

  3. AI ENDANGERS HUMAN EXISTENCE • Elon Musk, the billionaire chief executive of SpaceX and Tesla Motors and a techno-optimist • Bill Gates • Stephen Hawking • …. „The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race“ Cognitive science, 8.10.2015

  4. SUPERINTELLIGENCE • Bostrom, N. 2014. Superintelligence – Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.(100 Global Thinkers) • Future of Life Institute: „Because of the great potential of AI, it is important to research how to reap its benefits while avoiding potential pitfalls“ • Relations when computers surpass humans3 forms of superintelligence: speed, collective, qualityIntelligence can not be controlled Depending on the form, AI will be more or less dangerous Cognitive science, 8.10.2015

  5. AI PROGRESSExamples of AI progress • Self-driving cars: Google car: over 1 million miles without accident fault,several cars with lane assist • Computers surpass humans in symbolic tasks like chess, Jeopardy, IQ tests, verbal IQ tests (Microsoft Beijing, 2015; an average person) • Autonomous robots (walking, flying) Cognitive science, 8.10.2015

  6. AI DANGERS - SUMMARY • BAN all activities potentially dangerous to humans such as autonomous weapons (Slovenian AI society voted) • Prevention: Programs and robots should not ever be given rights of animals, far less humans • So far, the negative effects of AI have been negligible and so far all the doomsday predictions turned false (every 13 minutes a person dies in car crash in USA) • Most likely, warning (Hawking, Musk, Gates …) is inside the doomsday category -cooperation is more beneficial Cognitive science, 8.10.2015

  7. IJCAI 2015 Gerhard Widmer MusicCompanion Cognitive science, 8.10.2015

  8. IJCAI 2015 • World-best AI conference, 30% increase of paper numbers • Computer and Thought Award recipient Ariel Procaccia AI: Kidney exchange, security (Nash agents), fair division • Christof Koch presented Consciousness in Biological and Artificial Brains: necessary conditions for consciousness (feelings, self-consciousness), axioms and postulates, numeric function to compute consciousness, computers probably not (no simulation, HW insufficient) • Chinese advances: Alibaba, Baidu, Taoobao, Vivian …top no. of users Cognitive science, 8.10.2015

  9. BBC News June 2014 : Computer AI passes Turing test in 'world first' • A computer program called Eugene Goostman, which simulates a 13-year-old Ukrainian boy, is said to have passed the Turing test at an event organised by the University of Reading. • The test investigates whether people can detect if they are talking to machines or humans. • The experiment is based on Alan Turing's question-and-answer game Can Machines Think? • No computer has passed the test before under these conditions, it is reported. Inelligent systems, 7.10.2015

  10. Wikipedia Scott: Which is bigger, a shoebox or Mount Everest?Eugene: I can’t make a choice right now. I should think it out later. And I forgot to ask you where you are from… Scott: How many legs does a camel have?Eugene: Something between 2 and 4. Maybe, three? :-))) By the way, I still don’t know your specialty – or, possibly, I’ve missed it? Conversation between Scott Aaronson and Euge Inelligent systems, 7.10.2015

  11. The Daily Beast October 2014: The AI That Wasn’t: Why ‘Eugene Goostman’ Didn’t Pass the Turing Test • The Internet was ablaze Monday with the news of a computer passing the infamous Turing test—but not so fast. It really didn’t pass at all. • Maybe the real takeaway here is something important about human intelligence: we are deeply gullible, especially when we’re given plausible backstories. • Idea: perform tests at JSI with a mannequin Inelligent systems, 7.10.2015

  12. E9 MANNEQUIN • Hypothesis: humans are gullible and a certain share will not recognize an immobile mannequin • Additional test: Study human interactions and reactions • JSI, July and August 2015 • 125 questionnaires; 68 m, 53 w • Hypothesis confirmed • High level of stark protests Inelligent systems, 7.10.2015

  13. Christof Koch • President and Chief Scientific Officer of the Allen Institute for Brain Science in Seattle, 270 staff, $300 million by Microsoft founder Paul G. Allen • Coauthors: Nobel winner Crick, Tonini; 300 papers, 8 patents, Science, Nature …, Scientific American, Mind … • IJCAI 2015 award presentation • Giulio Tonini, Christof Koch: Consciousness: here, there and everywhere?, 2015 Cognitive science, 8.10.2015

  14. ABSTRACT • Atheory of consciousness—one that says what experience is and what type of physical systems can have it. • Integrated information theory (IIT) does so by starting from experience itself via five phenomenological axioms: intrinsic existence, composition, information, integration and exclusion. • From these it derives five postulates about the properties required of physical mechanisms to support consciousness. Cognitive science, 8.10.2015

  15. ABSTRACT • The theory provides a principled account of both the quantity and the quality of an individual experience (a quale), and a calculus to evaluate whether or not a particular physical system is conscious and of what • The theory holds that consciousness is a fundamental property possessed by physical systems having specific causal properties. It predicts that consciousness is graded, is common among biological organisms and can occur in some very simple systems. Cognitive science, 8.10.2015

  16. ABSTRACT • Conversely, it predicts that feed-forward networks, even complex ones, are not conscious, nor are aggregates such as groups of individuals or heaps of sand. • Also, in sharp contrast to widespread functionalist beliefs, IIT implies that digital computers, even if their behaviour were to be functionally equivalent to ours, and even if they were to run faithful simulations of the human brain, would experience next to nothing.(computers are and will not be consciousness in the current form) Cognitive science, 8.10.2015

  17. MINIMAL CONDITIONS FOR CONSCIOUSNESS • How to observe consciousness?je pense, donc je suisobservation, brain waves • Which physical parts of the brain? • Which mental properties?Feelings?Self-consciousness? • Animals, sleep, sleep-walking … Cognitive science, 8.10.2015

  18. Cognitive science, 8.10.2015

  19. Cognitive science, 8.10.2015

  20. SUMMARY • The best theory of intelligence • Consistent with many studies performed at our department, e.g. the principle of multiple knowledge • Hard thinking- is simulation of consciousness conscious (not)- computers can become intelligent, but not current ones however fast Cognitive science, 8.10.2015

  21. Thank you Contact: matjaz.gams@ijs.si Cognitive science, 8.10.2015

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