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Reformation

Reformation. Attempts to reform the Catholic Church Key Reformers: Martin Luther John Calvin Henry VIII. Martin Luther www.educ.msu.edu/homepages/laurence/reformation/Luther/Martin%20Luther.gif. Born in 1483 Studied law Struck by lightening = Fear of damnation, becoming Augustinian Monk

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Reformation

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  1. Reformation • Attempts to reform the Catholic Church • Key Reformers: • Martin Luther • John Calvin • Henry VIII

  2. Martin Lutherwww.educ.msu.edu/homepages/laurence/reformation/Luther/Martin%20Luther.gif • Born in 1483 • Studied law • Struck by lightening = Fear of damnation, becoming Augustinian Monk • Becomes Professor at University of Wittenberg • In turmoil over church teachings of sins and relation to good works

  3. Balancing Act Good Works Sins www.indianwomenonline.com/womenhome/Serious/images/justice.gif

  4. Luther’s Teachings • 95 Theses (Nailed to Door of Church in Wittenberg) • Basic ideas found in 95 Theses • Justification by Faith Alone – goes against Catholic teachings of Faith and Good Works • Against sale of Indulgences – pardons of sins sold by the Church • Protest against the abuse of papal authority • Challenge to the Pope: If he controls purgatory, why not empty it for free • Denial of extra merit theory for Indulgences

  5. Government/Religious Conflict • City – Wittenberg • Kingdom of Saxony – Duke Frederick • Holy Roman Empire – Holy Roman Emperor – Charles V • All church monies went to Rome Reaction of The Church/Government Denunciation Diet of Augsburg Debate with Johann Eck Diet of Worms – Charles V Excommunicated in 1521 – life in danger Kidnapped by Duke Frederick for his safety Against violence of movement – denounces peasant uprising

  6. Reforms within the Lutheran Church • Money once gone to Rome would stay in home country • Seven sacraments to two (Baptism and Holy Eucharist) • Vernacular Liturgy • Bible is supreme authority in all matters of faith • Universal Priesthood of All Believers • Marriage of clergy

  7. John Calvinwww.ignatiushistory.info/00842.jpg • Begins reform in church in Switzerland • Believed as Luther in scripture and faith • Salvation by grace • Added Predestination • Belief that God has known from beginning of time whether or not we would go to heaven, nothing we can do or not do • Theocracy • Calvin believed that it was necessary for Church and religion to play a major role in the government • Liturgy • Calvin believed that Liturgy (ceremonies) took away from the true meaning of the worship of God

  8. What type of Calvinist am I? • Huguenots – French Calvinists • Presbyterian - Scottish Calvinists • Puritan – English Calvinist

  9. Huldrych Zwinglidemo.lutherproductions.com/historytutor/basic/reformation/people/images/zwingli.jpg • Began reforms in early 1500’s • Influenced by writings by Erasmus • Like Luther in many ways except for church décor – wanted plain

  10. Henry VIIIwww.monkeyview.net/id/246/uk_2002/Hnery_VIII.jpg • Second Tudor king of England • Pro-Catholic church during early days of the Protestant Reformation • Pope refers to him as a “Defender of the Faith” • Henry calls Luther “a limb of the devil” • Henry is married to Catherine of Aragon – devout Catholic and a …Hapsburg – the family line of the Holy Roman Emperor, her nephew, Charles V

  11. Catherine’s Problem • Birthed five children, one survives, a girl named Mary • Henry fears death without heir, wants son • Henry’s Move • Petition the Pope for annulment • Pope denies the annulment • Henry is peeved and goes before Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy, which gives the power over all churches in England to the King • Thus as the head of the Church in England, Henry grants himself a divorce and then marries Anne Boleyn

  12. John Knoxwww.electricscotland.com/history/other/images/John%20Knox.gif • Bring Calvinism to Scotland • Church will be governed by elders call Presbyters – led to formation of the Presbyterian Church (Baptists)

  13. Knox in Scotland • 1567 – Protestant noble led by Knox overthrow the Catholic queen of Scotland (Mary Stuart) in a bloodless revolt • Revolutionaries place Mary’s one-year old son James on the throne as a symbolic gesture (James VI)

  14. Johannes Gutenbergwww.chaco.gov.ar/cultura/Medios/historia/gutem.jpg • Created the Printing Press around 1450 • Effect of Printing Press • Allowed for mass printing of: • Books • Broadsides • Books made cheaper and quicker • Allows knowledge to spread quicker and to a wider range of areas • People become more literate

  15. Catholic Reformation / Counter Reformation • Pope Paul III • Works to bring about spiritual revival to the Catholic Church • Brought the Inquisition to Rome in 1478 • Different than Spanish Inquisition – less punishment based and more unifying • Calls meeting of Catholic church leaders in 1545

  16. Council of TrentMajor Doctrines • Pope’s interpretation of the Bible was final. • Alternate interpretation = heresy • Christians are saved by faith and good works • The Bible and Church tradition shared equal authority for guiding a Christian’s life • Indulgences, pilgrimages, and venerations of holy relics were all valid expressions of Christian piety. • False selling of indulgences was banned

  17. Ignatius de Loyolawww.companysj.com/v191/ignatius.jpg • Worked to stop Reformation by strengthening Catholicism • Founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in 1534 • Work to spread Catholicism through education

  18. Consequences of the Reformation • Less toleration of differing religions/denominations • Appearance of many different types of churches in Europe • Strong interest in education • Increased power for national governments

  19. go.hrw.com/venus_images/0317MC14.gif

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