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The European Spallation Source

The European Spallation Source. Bob Cywinski. Chairman of the European Neutron Scattering Association, ENSA and School of Physics and Astronomy University of Leeds. Daresbury Laboratory 27 June 2001. 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics. Bert Brockhouse. Cliff Shull.

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The European Spallation Source

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  1. The European Spallation Source BobCywinski Chairman of the European Neutron Scattering Association, ENSA and School of Physics and Astronomy University of Leeds Daresbury Laboratory 27 June 2001

  2. 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics Bert Brockhouse Cliff Shull “…..for showing where atoms are…..” “…..for showing what atoms do…..” MnO CoFe Why neutrons?

  3. Why neutrons? Neutrons have wavelengths comparable to interatomic spacings (1-5 Å) Neutrons have energies comparable to structural and magnetic excitations (1-100 meV) Neutrons are deeply penetrating (bulk samples can be studied) Neutrons are scattered with a strength that varies randomly from element to element (and isotope to isotope) Neutrons have a magnetic moment Neutrons interact only weakly with matter (so the theory is easy!) Neutron scattering is therefore an ideal probe of magnetic and atomic structures and excitations

  4. Length scales: Length scale in nm 0.01 0.1 0.3 1.0 3.0 10 30 100 atomic and magnetic structures internal strain organic molecules magnetic defects pharmaceuticals supermolecules surfaces and multilayers viruses inhomogeneities cracks and voids micelles critical phenomena proteins polymers 0.1 0.3 1.0 2.0 neutron wavelength in nm

  5. Time and energy scales: Time scale (seconds) 10-1310-7 Fe CsVCl3 Crystal fieldsmagnons and phononsspin relaxation single particle spin fluctuations tunneling polymer reptation excitations diffusion glassy dynamics molecular excitations libration Excitation energy (eV) 1 10-110-2 10-3 10-6 10-9

  6. Neutron scattering - an expanding field 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

  7. 1020 ISIS HFIR ILL LANSCE MTR NRU 1015 IPNS NRX ZING-P HFBR WNR X-10 KENS ZING-P 1010 Effective thermal neutron flux, n/cm2.s CP-2 CP-1 Berkley 37inch Cyclotron 105 Reactors Ra-Be source Pulsed sources 1 Chadwick 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Progress in neutron production

  8. ILL - the world-leading reactor source Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble A 58MW High Flux research reactor optimised for neutron studies of condensed matter The most powerful steady state neutron source in the world Jointly owned by Britain, France and Germany (with Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Spain and Russia as minor partners)

  9. ISIS - the world-leading pulsed source ISIS (RAL)

  10. A Golden Age? Since 1970 Europe has been able to claim a world lead in neutron scattering…… ……... and hence a strategic advantage in all fields of condensed matter science “Europe not only boasts the world’s premier neutron sources it also hosts the largest most experienced and broadest based community of neutron beam users in the world…” Almost 5000 neutron scatterers - over 2/3 of the world’s total number, reside in Europe and use European facilities

  11. The ENSA survey (1996) The European neutron scattering community by discipline ISBN 2-912049-00-8

  12. The ENSA survey (1996) The European neutron scattering community by beam usage ISBN 2-912049-00-8

  13. AUTRANS Report (1996) ESF Endorsement of European Neutron Science The R&TD community of neutron users in Europe is large, distinguished, vibrantly active and representative of almost every discipline in the physical sciences, as well as molecular biology and engineering. Finding the optimum means to address the continuing needs of this wide and strategically important R&D community group in both the medium and long term within the scientific-technical-strategic and economic opportunities in Europe should be a matter of the highest priority, ensuring the health of many fields of European R&TD and the European lead achieved in the past. ISBN 2-903148-90-2

  14. ISIS ILL The ENSA survey (1996) The European neutron scattering community by source type ISBN 2-912049-00-8

  15. But….the OECD’s “neutron drought” OECD predictions Because of the imminent closure of many aging reactors and a continuing growth of the neutron scattering community a “neutron drought” was predicted in a 1994 Analytical Report commissioned by the OECD Megascience Forum (The Riso research reactor - a major European neutron source - was closed unexpectedly in September 2000)

  16. Upgrade first class neutron sources Construct an entirely newMW spallation source in each of the Asian, North American and European regions And….the OECD’s recommendations (endorsed by the OECD Ministerial Conference)

  17. The American response The USA has responded to the OECD recommendations by: (a) commencing a major upgrade of the HIFR reactor at Oak Ridge (b) commencing construction, at Oak Ridge, of a 2MW Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at a cost of $1.3b “Although Oak Ridge national Laboratory was the site of the world’s first experiments in neutron scattering, the world’s leading neutron source is no longer in the United States; it is now in Europe. A new Spallation Neutron Source will change that. Given the medical, scientific, economic and enviromental benefits available through neutron science it would be irresponsible not to reclaim world leadership in this critical field.” Vice President Al Gore, 21 January 1998 (Office of the Vice President) (Similarly Japan has also just begun construction of a 1 MW Spallation Source)

  18. 1020 SNS ISIS HFIR ILL LANSCE MTR NRU 1015 IPNS NRX ZING-P HFBR WNR X-10 KENS ZING-P 1010 Effective thermal neutron flux, n/cm2.s CP-2 CP-1 Berkley 37inch Cyclotron 105 Reactors Ra-Be source Pulsed sources 1 Chadwick 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Progress in neutron sources

  19. SNS - the design

  20. SNS - the reality The SNS projectis due for completion in 2006 May 2001 (The Japanese SNS is due for completion in 2007)

  21. The European situation In line with the OECD recommendations, and to satisfy the needs of the user community: The ILL has embarked on the Millenium Programme - a programme of upgrading instruments and infrastructure and also of developing new instrumentation (particularly for the life sciences and engineering) In Germany the newly constructed FRM-II is awaiting commissioning - FRM-II is a 20MW research reactor with an entirely new instrumentation suite In the UK ISIS has planned a second target station - ISIS-II - although operating at only 1/10 the frequency of the primary target station ISIS-II will double the number of ISIS instruments and offer substantial gains in intensity in several classes of instrumentation

  22. ISIS-II

  23. The European situation In line with the OECD recommendations, and to satisfy the needs of the user community: The ILL has embarked on the Millenium Programme - a programme of upgrading instruments and infrastructure and also of developing new instrumentation (particularly for the life sciences and engineering) In Germany the newly constructed FRM-II is awaiting commissioning - FRM-II is a 20MW research reactor with an entirely new instrumentation suite In the UK ISIS has planned a second target station - ISIS-II - although operating at only 1/10 the frequency of the primary target station ISIS-II will double the number of ISIS instruments and offer substantial gains in intensity in several classes of instrumentation These initiatives are crucial - they will help combat the impending neutron drought whist also offering substantial gains in the quality of neutron scattering science

  24. Between 1993 and 1996 the scientific and technical case for a 5MW ESS was developed and published History of the European Spallation Source The European Spallation Source project was initially conceived in 1992 in response to the growing demands of condensed matter science

  25. 1020 SNS ISIS HFIR ILL LANSCE MTR NRU 1015 IPNS NRX ZING-P HFBR WNR X-10 KENS ZING-P 1010 Effective thermal neutron flux, n/cm2.s CP-2 CP-1 Berkley 37inch Cyclotron 105 Reactors Ra-Be source Pulsed sources 1 Chadwick 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Progress in neutron sources

  26. Between 1993 and 1996 the scientific and technical case for a 5MW ESS was developed and published History of the European Spallation Source The European Spallation Source project was initially conceived in 1992 in response to the growing demands of condensed matter science Ironically, the ESS study provided the basis for the scientific and technical case for the SNS From 1996-2000 the ESS project entered a further R&D phase……. …...but with little progress towards realisation

  27. The ESS today -collaborations CNRS (F) JINR Dubna (R) AI Seibersdorf (A) FZ Jülich (D) CE Saclay (F) Univ. Durham (GB) CIEMAT Madrid (E) HMI Berlin (D) Rutherford Appl. Lab. (GB) Univ. Frankfurt (D) Univ. Uppsala (S) Risø Nat. Lab. (DK) PSI Würenlingen (CH) CNR Parma (I) INFM - Rome (I) 15 Institutions 10 European countries 6 US/Japan/Europ. Collaborations on target/moderator IRI Delft (NL)

  28. ESS organisation

  29. The European Neutron Scattering Association ENSAis an umbrella organization of 16 national neutron user groups and societies: Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom plus observers from:Belgium, Portugal, Greece and Romania Since its inception in 1994 ENSA has worked closely with the European Science Foundation in evaluating the role of neutron scattering science within Europe At the May 2001 ENSA meeting in Oslo, the national delegates to ENSA agreed a “European Neutron Landscape” within which the ESS project was unanimously endorsed ENSA has thereby provided the strongest “bottom-up” support for the ESS

  30. 2. Review of ESS – Specifications 3. Strengthen ESS’s relations with the community of neutron scientists, review and bolster the ESS science case Memorandum of Extension, Berlin, May 2000 At its meeting in Berlin on 24 May 2000 the new European Spallation Source Council stated that: “The objective is to design and construct a European next generation spallation source that upon completion will be the best neutron source world wide for all classes of instruments” and made a commitment to deliver a fully costed ESS project proposal to the European governments in 2003 with the following targets to 2002: 1. Feasibility study of Multi Application, Facility MAF (CEA + ……) 4. Increase ESS’s visibility and position in the debates on large scale scientific facilities in Europe 5. To cooperate with ENSA and the Neutron Round Table on a neutron road map for Europe

  31. ESS-SAC/ENSA Workshop, May 2001 The workshop, held in Engelberg, was supported by the ESF and involved 70 scientists from all fields It has provided a decisive step towards the final definition of the configuration of the ESS and the optimum choice of the neutronic parameters for the target stations and instrumentation….. ……based upon the projected ambitious scientific demands of the physics, chemistry, and materials, engineering, earth and life science communities

  32. Dynamics of superlattices, wires and dots, molecular magnets, quantum phase transitions Solvent structures, influence of molecular structures on protein folding Left and right handedness of the universe, neutron decay, ultracold neutrons Time resolution, molecular rheology, structures and dynamics Hydrogen and water , membranes, biosensors, functions Real time investigations with realistic dimensions under real conditions Thin films, pharmaceuticals, supramolecules - structures and functionality Extreme temperatures and pressures simulating the mantle Scientific challenges Solid State Physics Liquids and Glasses Fundamental Physics Soft Condensed Matter Biology and Biotechnology Materials Science and Engineering Chemical Structure, Kinetics and Dynamics Earth and Environmental Science, Cultural Heritage

  33. from to to and from MnO CoFe Summary In half a century we have developed neutron scattering science enormously with an effective gain in source performance of only a factor of 4

  34. The ESS will provide Europe with a world leading neutron facility that will remain at the forefront of neutron scattering technology for at least the first half of the 21st century Summary In half a century we have developed neutron scattering science enormously with an effective gain in source performance of only a factor of 4 The ESS offers gains in effective performance of between 10 and 100 over all existing neutron sources but even if European governments approve the project in 2003, the ESS will not be operational until 2011… …..five years after the SNS and JSNS

  35. Finally….. The ESS as a neutron “matterscope”... …..enabling us to see more deeply into matter than ever before

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