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Ancient Perspectives on the Mind: Evolutionary Insights and Modern Implications

Explore the historical and evolutionary perspectives on the mind, tracing ideas from Plato's brain-centered theories to Aristotle's heart-centric views. Discover early concepts of personality through body types and the erroneous yet intriguing ideas of phrenology. Examine clinical observations and advanced neuroimaging studies that reveal insights into brain disorders, emotional states, and their neurobiological underpinnings. Understand the roles of neurotransmitters and hormones, and how these ancient ideas resonate with contemporary findings about mental processes.

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Ancient Perspectives on the Mind: Evolutionary Insights and Modern Implications

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Biological/Genetic/Evolutionary Perspective

  2. Ancient Conceptions About Mind Plato correctly placed mind in the brain. However, his student Aristotle believed that mind was in the heart. Aristotle posited body humors that controlled personality

  3. Phrenology In 1800, Franz Gall suggested that bumps of the skull represented mental abilities. His theory, though incorrect, nevertheless proposed that different mental abilities were modular.

  4. Body types • Sheldon • Endomorph: plump (relaxed, social, complacent) • Mesomorph: muscular (assertive, adventurous) • Ectomorph: thin (reserved, anxious, uptight, self-conscious)

  5. Ways into the “black box” ????? • clinical observation • lesion/ablation studies • stimulation studies • EEG • CT, MRI, fMRI • PET scans

  6. Clinical Observation Clinical observations have shed light on a number of brain disorders. Alterations in brain morphology due to neurological and psychiatric diseases are now being catalogued.

  7. EEG

  8. MRI

  9. Limbic System

  10. CORTEX

  11. Eysenck • Introversion/Extroversion • ARAS (Ascending Reticular Activating System) • Extros: low • Intros: high • Geen (1984) study • recent fMRI evidence

  12. BAS/BIS (Gray) • BAS: “gas pedal” reward/pleasure seeking left frontal cortex dopaminergic • BIS: “brake pedal” inhibition, avoidance, caution right frontal cortex serotonergic

  13. Brain Laterality (Davidson) • Left brain/ Right brain (frontal lobes) • Positive emotion states/Negative emotion states • Pleasure, Calm/Anxiety, Depression • e.g., “monk studies” • neuroplasticity

  14. Hormones • Testosterone: a. correlational research b. animal studies c. genetic abnormality • Oxytocin “the love hormone”

  15. Neurotransmitters • Dopamine: reward/pleasure system • Serotonin: anxiety and depression • GABA: inhibitory (emotional stability) • “The Edge Effect” ( Braverman) • Psychopharmacology (Listening to Prozac) • Implications???

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