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HEALTH HAZARDS

HEALTH HAZARDS. OTI 500 Trainer Course in Occupational Safety and Health Hazards for Construction Industry. OSH Act of 1970. The purpose of the OSH Act is to “assure so far as possible every working, man and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions and to

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HEALTH HAZARDS

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  1. HEALTH HAZARDS OTI 500 Trainer Course in Occupational Safety and Health Hazards for Construction Industry

  2. OSH Act of 1970 • The purpose of the OSH Act is to “assure so far as possible every working, man and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources.”

  3. Routes of Entry • Inhalation • airborne contaminants • Absorption • penetration through the skin • Ingestion • eating • drinking

  4. OSHA Hierarchy of Control • Engineering controls • Work practice controls • Administrative controls • Personal protective equipment (PPE)

  5. Types of Exposure • Acute • Short term period between exposure and onset of symptoms • Chronic • Long time period between exposure to an agent and the onset of symptoms

  6. Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants • OSHA • Occupational Safety and Health Administration • NIOSH • National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health • ACGIH • American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

  7. Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants • OSHA • PEL, STEL, Ceiling • NIOSH • TWA, STEL, Ceiling • ACGIH • TWA, STEL, Ceiling

  8. Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants • TWA • takes into account variable exposure through a full shift, 8 hour work day • STEL • limit of exposure during a short period, 15 minutes • CEILING • absolute maximum level of exposure not to be exceeded

  9. Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants • Legally enforceable • OSHA PEL • OSHA AL (action level) • OSHA EL (excursion limit)

  10. SilicaSpecial Emphasis Program (SEP) • Special Emphasis Program--Silica • OSHA’s Industrial Hygiene initiative • Collaboration of OSHA Compliance and Consultation Programs SiO2

  11. Why Target Crystalline Silica Exposure? • Widespread occurrence and use • Number of related deaths • Number of exposed workers • Health effects

  12. Occurrence and Use of Silica • SiO2 - basic component of sand, quartz & granite • Quartz - 2nd most common mineral in the earth’s crust • Airborne silica is produced by:

  13. Airborne silica is produced by: sandblasting rock drilling foundry work stone cutting drilling quarrying tunneling jack hammering concrete manufacturing demolition asphalt pavement manufacturing Occurrence and Use of Silica

  14. jack hammering rock drilling abrasive blasting concrete mixing brick and concrete block or slab cutting Construction Targeting

  15. Permissible Exposure Limit(PEL) for Silica 10 mg/m3 % Quartz +2 = ? mg/m3 PEL for respirable dust containing a % silica.

  16. Silicosis Prevention Program • Medical surveillance program • baseline examination • medical and occupational history • prior to exposure • every 5 years if < 20 years of exposure • every 2 years if > 20 years of exposure • baseline chest x-ray • pulmonary function tests (PFT) • x-ray upon termination of employment Source: OSHA SEP

  17. Silicosis Prevention Program • Personal air monitoring program • Training and information on crystalline silica • Availability of air and medical surveillance data to workers • Respiratory protection program Source: OSHA SEP

  18. Silicosis Prevention Program • Hygiene facilities and clothing change areas • Recordkeeping • Personal exposures below the PEL OR facility has an abatement program that provides interim worker protection • Housekeeping program • Regulated areas Source: OSHA SEP

  19. Health Effects • Acute - intense crystalline silica exposure • Accelerated - more intense exposure over 5 to 15 years • Chronic - 20 to 45 years prolonged exposure to crystalline silica

  20. Common Hazard • Abrasive blasting • Paint removal • Renovation & demolition • Road repair

  21. Exposure Controls Substitution • Coal slag (black beauty) • Steel grit • Aluminum oxide • Wild stuff (frozen CO2, walnut shells, baking soda

  22. Exposure ControlsWet Methods • Water suppression of dust • Very effective method • May be less efficient • Requires supply of water and clean up • Power tools with HEPA exhaust

  23. Silica Case Example • 39 year old sandblaster diagnosed with silicosis and tuberculosis after 22 years of abrasive blasting • shortness of breath • wheezing • chest discomfort • lung tissue samples - extensive fibrosis (silicosis)

  24. Silica Case Example • 49 year old man diagnosed with silicosis, emphysema, and asthma after 21 years of work as a tile installer where he was exposed to dust from cutting, drilling, and working with grout. He was a nonsmoker

  25. Cadmium29 CFR 1926.1127 • Blue-white metal • Grayish-white powder • Found in lead, copper, and zinc sulfide ores • Compounds • highly colored from brown to yellow and red

  26. Cadmium29 CFR 1926.1127 • Uses • electrode component in alkaline batteries • stabilizer in plastics • paints

  27. Cadmium29 CFR 1926.1127 • Short term exposure • irritation of upper respiratory tract • constriction of the throat • metallic taste • cough • flu-like symptoms

  28. Cadmium29 CFR 1926.1127 • Long term exposure • kidney damage • lung cancer • prostate cancer

  29. Scope • All occupational exposure to cadmium compounds • in all construction work • construction • alteration • repair 01/12/100

  30. Wrecking Demolition Salvage Use of cadmium containing paints cutting, brazing, burning, grinding or welding Electrical grounding w/cadmium Installation of cadmium products Emergencies Transportation, disposal, and storage Covered Activities 01/12/100

  31. Definitions • Action level (AL) • 2.5 g/m3 • Competent person (29 CFR 1926.32) • determines presents of cadmium • regulated areas • access • PPE • training 01/12/100

  32. Permissible Exposure Limit PEL = 5 g/m3 01/12/100

  33. Exposure Monitoring • Prior to performance • Exposure at or above the AL • relevant plans • reports • MSDSs • other records • Frequency • Additional monitoring ? 01/12/100

  34. Initial Monitoring • As soon as practicable • Higher concentrations • monitor while conducting task • Objective data • Documentation • > 5 g/m3 • < 5 g/m3 01/12/100

  35. Prohibited Activities • Eating • Drinking • Smoking • Chew tobacco • Apply cosmetics OR carry such products into regulated areas 01/12/100

  36. Methods of Compliance • Intermittent exposure • Exposure < 30 days per year • Engineering and work practice controls are not feasible • reduce exposure to lowest level • PPE 01/12/100

  37. Methods of Compliance Employee Rotation 01/12/100

  38. Compliance Program • Exposure > PEL • Written program • Review and update as necessary 01/12/100

  39. Other Requirements • Hygiene areas and practices • Housekeeping • Medical Surveillance • 30 or more days > action level • Communicating hazards • Recordkeeping 01/12/100

  40. Lead in Construction Standard 29 CFR 1926.62 • SCOPE AND APPLICATION • Applies to all construction work where an employee may be occupationally exposed to lead. • Excludes construction work covered in the general industry standard.

  41. Applies to: Demolition Removal and Encapsulation New construction, alteration, repair, or renovation Installation of products containing lead Lead contamination/ emergency cleanup Transportation, disposal, storage Maintenance operations associated with construction Lead in Construction Standard

  42. Selected Definitions • LEAD • Metallic lead • All inorganic lead compounds • Organic lead soaps ~ Excludes organic lead compounds. ~

  43. Selected Definitions • COMPETENT PERSON • ACTION LEVEL (AL) • 30 g/m3 • PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (PEL) • 50 g/m3

  44. Selected Definitions • ALLOWABLE EXPOSURE (in g/m3) 400 # hours worked

  45. Selected Definitions • INITIAL DETERMINATION • To determine whether employees are exposed at above the action level • May rely on historical data • May rely on objective data

  46. Exposure AssessmentLead in Construction • INITIAL DETERMINATION • TASK 1 TRIGGERS: • Exposure up to 500 g/m3 (10 x the PEL) • Activities include: • manual demolition of structures, hand scrapping or sanding, heat guns, power tool cleaning with dust collection systems, spray painting

  47. Exposure AssessmentLead in Construction • INITIAL DETERMINATION • TASK 2 TRIGGERS: • Exposure up to 2,500 g/m3 (>10 x the PEL, but less than 2,500 g/m3 ) • Activities include: • using lead containing mortar, cleanup where dry expendable abrasives are used, rivet busting, power tool cleaning without dust collection systems, movement/removal of enclosures

  48. Exposure AssessmentLead in Construction • INITIAL DETERMINATION • TASK 3 TRIGGERS: • Exposure > 2,500 g/m3 (>50 x the PEL) • Activities include: • abrasive blasting, welding, cutting, torch burning

  49. Exposure AssessmentLead in Construction • POSITIVE INITIAL DETERMINATION • Exposure at or above the action level and below the PEL • Conduct monitoring representative of each exposed employee • May use historical data • Additional monitoring - every 6 months • Document

  50. Exposure AssessmentLead in Construction • POSITIVE INITIAL DETERMINATION • Exposure at or above the PEL • Conduct monitoring representative of each exposed employee • May use historical data • Additional monitoring - quarterly • Document

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