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The von Neumann Model and Computer Components

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Learn about the von Neumann model, its key components, stored program concept, and sequential execution. Explore computer hardware, software, data organization, and the history of computing generations.

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The von Neumann Model and Computer Components

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  1. Chapter 1 Introduction

  2. OBJECTIVES Define the von Neumann model and name its components: memory, arithmetic/logic unit, control unit, and input/output. Understand the stored program concept. Understand the sequential execution of statements in a program. Name the components of a computer: hardware, software, and data. Understand the concept of a black box, a data processor, and a programmable data processor. After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:

  3. 1.1 THE COMPUTER AS A BLACK BOX

  4. Figure 1-1 Data processor model • Data processor model

  5. Figure 1-2 Programmable data processor model • Computers – general-purpose machines • Programmable Data processor model

  6. Program • A program • is a set of instructionsthat tells the computer what to do with data. • written in a computer language.

  7. Figure 1-3 • Same program, different data Same program, different data

  8. Same data, different programs Figure 1-4 Same data, different programs

  9. 1.2 von NEUMANN MODEL

  10. von Neumann Model • Every computer today is based on the von Neumann Model. • It is based on 3 ideas: • Four subsystems • Stored Program Concept • Sequential Execution of Instructions

  11. Four subsystems: • Memory – the storage area of programs and data. • ALU – arithmetic/logic operations take place • Control Unit – control Memory, ALU, and I/O • I/O – accept input data/send output data Figure 1-5 von Neumann model

  12. Input/Output Subsystem • The definition is very broad;it includes the secondary storage devices. • Disk – stores data and programs for processing

  13. Stored Program Concept • The von Neumann model states thatthe program must be stored in memory. • The memory of modern computershosts both • a program • its correspondingdata

  14. Sequential Execution of Instructions • A program is made of a finite number of instructions. • The control unit • fetches one instruction from memory • interpret it • execute it • The instructions are executed one after another.

  15. 1.3 COMPUTER HARDWARE

  16. ALU Registers Control unit

  17. 1.4 DATA

  18. Storing Data • Store data in the form of an electrical signal, specially its presence or absence. • This implies that a computer can store data in one of two states. • Binary number system

  19. Data organization • Although data should be stored only in one form (a binary pattern) inside a computer,data outside a computer can take many forms. • Data come in different forms: • Numbers • Text • Images • Audio • Video

  20. 1.5 COMPUTER SOFTWARE

  21. Requirements of von Neumann model • The programs must be stored in memory. (Fig. 1.6) • The programs must be a sequence of instructions. (Fig. 1.7)

  22. Figure 1-6 Program and data in memory Fig. 1.6

  23. Figure 1-7 Program made of instructions Fig. 1.7 Program made of instructions

  24. Algorithm • A programmer should • first solve the problem in a step-by-step manner and then • try to find the appropriate sequence of instructions that solves the problem. • The step-by-step solutionis called an algorithm

  25. Operating Systems • An operating system originally worked as a manager to facilitate access of the computer components for a program.

  26. 1.6 HISTORY

  27. Before 1950 • Mechanical machines (before 1930) • Early electronic computers (1930-1950) • ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)first general-purpose, totally electronic computerUniversity of Pennsylvania, 1946

  28. 1950 • The preceding computers used memory only for storing data. • EDVACthe first computer based on von Neumann’s idea,University of Pennsylvania,1950

  29. Computer generations(1950-present) • 1st generation (1950-1959)vacuum tubes • 2nd generation (1959-1965)transistors, High-level languages(FORTRAN, COBOL) • 3rd generation (1965-1975)IC(Integrated Circuit), Minicomputer, software industry was born • 4th generation (1975-1985)VLSI, microcomputer • 5th generation (1985-)laptop and palmtop computer

  30. Microcomputer • Microcomputers are designed to be used by individuals, whether in the form of PCs, workstations or notebook computers. • A microcomputer contains • a CPU on a microchip (the microprocessor), • a memory system (typically ROM and RAM), • a bus system and • I/O ports, typically housed in a motherboard.

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