Introduction to Contract Verbs in Ancient Greek - Unit 7, Part 4

1. Ancient Greek for Everyone:A New Digital Resource for Beginning GreekUnit 7 part 4: contract verbs 2013 edition Wilfred E. Major wmajor@lsu.edu

2. Ancient Greek for Everyone This class AGE Unit 7 part 4: contract verbs • This final part of Unit 7 introduces Greek verbs that have contractions between their stems and their personal endings.

3. Ancient Greek for Everyone from Unit 1: Saying two vowels in a row • Speakers of Classical Greek did not like to say two vowel sounds in a row. • Consequently, if two vowels came together, they tended to • merge them into one (called a “diphthong,” Greek for “double sound”) • or contract them. • Specifically: • A vowel + ιorυ forms a diphthong. • α,ε andο contract with each other.

4. Ancient Greek for Everyone α,εandο + αcontract: • α+ α = ᾱ • ε+ α = η • ο+ α = ω

5. Ancient Greek for Everyone α,εandο + εcontract: • α+ ε = ᾱ • ε+ ε = ει • ο+ ε = ου

6. Ancient Greek for Everyone α,εandο +οcontract: • α+ ο = ω • ε+ ο = ου • ο+ ο = ου

7. Ancient Greek for Everyone Contract Verbs • The rules of vowel contraction operate in verbs when the stem ends in one of the vowels α,εor ο. • In these cases, this final vowel of the stem contracts with the thematic vowel of “-ωverbs.” • Since “-μιverbs” do not have this thematic vowel, they do not need to contract.

8. Ancient Greek for Everyone Contract Verbs • The most common type of contraction in verbs involves -ε, where the contractions are: • ε + ω ω • ε+ ει ει • ε + ο ου • ε + ε ει • ε+ ου ου • Notice that when -ε contracts with a long vowel sound, the long sound simply swallows the -ε.

9. Ancient Greek for Everyone from Unit 7 part 1: Building a Greek verb • To indicate person and number, -ω verbs need distinct endings, which are as follows: • -ω= I (1st person singular) -ομεν= we (1st person plural) • -εις= you (2nd person singular) -ετε= y’all (2nd person plural) • -ει= (s)he, it (3rd person sing) -ουσι= they (3rd person plural)

10. Ancient Greek for Everyone • (λαλέω) λαλῶ • I talk. • (λαλέεις) λαλεῖς • Youtalk. • (λαλέει) λαλεῖ • (S)he/it talks. • (λαλέομεν) λαλοῦμεν • Wetalk. • (λαλέετε) λαλεῖτε • Y’all talk. • (λαλέουσι) λαλοῦσι • Theytalk. Building a Greek Verb The Present Indicative Active of λαλέω

11. Ancient Greek for Everyone • The ending –ειν signals that an -ωverb is in the infinitive. • (λαλέειν) λαλεῖν • “talk” in the infinitive mood (mode) • This form is the present, infinitive, active.

12. Ancient Greek for Everyone • From Unit 2: Placing the accent: • On most Greek words, the “recessive” rule determines the placement of the accent. This means: • If the last syllable of the word contains a single short vowel, the accent “recedes” two syllables: • δίδοτε • It can recede only to the last short vowel sound of this syllable (never to the first part), so the accent appears as an acute (“/”): • ἄνθρωπος, δώσετε (= δοόσετε)

13. Ancient Greek for Everyone • From Unit 2: Placing the accent: • On most Greek words, the “recessive” rule determines the placement of the accent. This means: • If the word has only two syllables and the last syllable of the word contains a single short vowel, the accent “recedes” to the first syllable: • δότε • or the first part of a long vowel sound: • δῶρον (= δόορον)

14. Ancient Greek for Everyone • From Unit 2: Placing the accent: • On most Greek words, the “recessive” rule determines the placement of the accent. This means: • If the last syllable of the word contains a long vowel sound, the accent “recedes” only one syllable: • διδότω. • It can recede only to the second part of this syllable, so the accent always appears as an acute (“/”): • παραδώσω (= παραδοόσω = παραδοόσοο)

15. Ancient Greek for Everyone VOCABULARY • Α contract verb will be listed in its uncontractedform. For example: λαλέωtalk ἐρωτάωask δηλόωshow As the principal parts indicate in the following slides, in a contract verb, normally the vowel lengthens (α and ε η, οω) in the future tense.

16. Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 7 Vocabulary: Classical • ἀδικέω -ήσω commit injustice • αἱρέω,-ήσωtake, grasp • ἀναιρέωraise up; kill, destroy • ἀφαιρέω take from, take away • αἰτέω -ήσω beg, ask • βοηθέω -ήσω help • δοκέω,δόξω seem • ἐθέλω, ἐθελήσω want • εὑρίσκω, εὑρήσω find • ζητέω -ήσω seek

17. Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 7 Vocabulary: Classical • κατηγορέω -ήσω accuse • κινέω -ήσω move • κρατέω -ήσω rule over • λαλέω -ήσω talk, babble • μέλλω, μελλήσω intend, be about to • μιμνήσκω, μνήσω remind

18. Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 7 Vocabulary: Classical • οἰκέω -ήσω dwell • ὁμολογέω -ήσω agree • ποιέω -ήσω do, make • πολεμέω -ήσω make war • φοβέω -ήσω frighten • φρονέω -ήσω think • χαίρω, χαιρήσωbe happy, say hello

19. Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 7 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • αἰτέω -ήσω beg, ask • ἀκολουθέω-ήσω follow • ἀσθενέω-ήσω be sick, be weak • βλασφημέω-ήσω blaspheme • δέω,δήσω bind • διακονέω-ήσω serve • δοκέω,δόξω seem • εὐλογέω -ήσω bless, praise • εὑρίσκω, εὑρήσω find • εὐχαριστέω-ήσω give thanks

20. Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 7 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • ζητέω -ήσω seek • θέλω,θελήσω want • θεωρέω -ήσω watch, observe • κατοικέω -ήσω inhabit, settle • κρατέω -ήσω rule over • λαλέω -ήσω talk • μαρτυρέω-ήσω witness • μέλλω, μελλήσω intend, be about to • μετανοέω -ήσω repent • μισέω -ήσω hate

21. Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 7 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • οἰκοδομέω -ήσω build • περιπατέω -ήσω walk, live • ποιέω -ήσω do, make • προσκυνέω -ήσω worship • τηρέω -ήσω guard • φωνέω -ήσω call out, summon • χαίρω,χαιρήσωrejoice

22. Ancient Greek for Everyone Contract Verbs • The next most common type of contraction in verbs involves -α, where the contractions are: • α+ ω ω • α+ ει ᾳ • α+ ο ω • α+ ε ᾱ • α+ ου ω

23. Ancient Greek for Everyone • (ἐρωτάω) ἐρωτῶ • I ask. • (ἐρωτάεις) ἐρωτᾷς • Youask. • (ἐρωτάει) ἐρωτᾷ • (S)he/it asks. • (ἐρωτάομεν) ἐρωτῶμεν • Weask. • (ἐρωτάετε) ἐρωτᾶτε • Y’all ask. • (ἐρωτάουσι) ἐρωτῶσι • Theyask. Building a Greek Verb The Present Indicative Active of ἐρωτάω

24. Ancient Greek for Everyone • The ending –ειν signals that an -ωverb is in the infinitive. • (ἐρωτάειν) ἐρωτᾶν • “ask” in the infinitive mood (mode) • This form is the present, infinitive, active.

25. Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 7 Vocabulary: Classical • δράω,δράσω do • ἐάω,ἐάσω allow • ἐρωτάω -ήσω ask • ζάω,ζήσω live • νικάω -ήσω conquer, defeat • ὁρμάω -ήσω urge, hurry • πειράω,πειράσω try, attempt • τελευτάω -άσω finish, die • τιμάω -ήσω honor • τολμάω -ήσω dare

26. Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 7 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • ἀγαπάω -ήσω love • γεννάω-ήσω give birth to • ἐρωτάω -ήσω ask • ἐπερωτάω ask for • ζάω,ζήσω live • πλανάω -ήσω mislead

27. Ancient Greek for Everyone Contract Verbs • The least common type of contraction in verbs involves -ο, where the contractions are: • ο+ ω ω • ο+ ει οι • ο+ ο ου • ο+ ε ου • ο+ ου ου

28. Ancient Greek for Everyone • (δηλόω) δηλῶ • I show. • (δηλόεις) δηλοῖς • Youshow. • (δηλόει) δηλοῖ • (S)he/it shows. • (δηλόομεν) δηλοῦμεν • Weshow. • (δηλόετε) δηλοῦτε • Y’all show. • (δηλόουσι) δηλοῦσι • Theyshow. Building a Greek Verb The Present Indicative Active of δηλόω

29. Ancient Greek for Everyone • The ending –ειν signals that an -ωverb is in the infinitive. • (δηλόειν) δηλοῦν • “show” in the infinitive mood (mode) • This form is the present, infinitive, active.

30. Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 7 Vocabulary: Classical • ἀξιόω -ώσω consider worthy, valuable • δηλόω -ώσω show

31. Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 7 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • δηλόω -ώσω show • δικαιόω-ώσω justify • πληρόω-ώσω show, fulfill • σταυρόω-ώσω crucify • φανερόω-ώσω reveal

32. Ancient Greek for Everyone Contract Futures • Recall that Greek verbs add –σ to their stems to form the future tense. • Some verbs have stems that end in a liquid (-λ, -ν, -ρ) and Greek does not allow a liquid +–σ. • In these cases, the –σ degrades to an -ε, which contracts just as it does in present contract verbs. • In a vocabulary entry, the future is listed in its contracted form.

33. Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 7 Vocabulary: Classical • ἀγγέλλω,ἀγγελῶ report, tell • αἴρω,ἀρῶ raise • ἀποκτείνω,-κτενῶ kill • ἀπόλλυμι,ἀπολῶkill, destroy • βάλλω,βαλῶ throw • διαφθείρω,-φθερῶ destroy • κρίνω,κρινῶ judge, decide, determine • μένω,μενῶ remain, stay • τέμνω,τεμῶ cut • φαίνω,φανῶ make appear

34. Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 7 Vocabulary: Classical A few other verbs also have contract futures. • ἐλαύνω,ἐλῶ march • This future is an -α contract. • καλέω, καλῶ call • κομίζω,κομιῶ provide for • λέγω, ἐρῶ say, tell • Classical Greek uses both ἐρῶ and λέξω (see Unit 7.3) as the future of λέγω. • νομίζω, νομιῶbelieve

35. Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 7 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • αἴρω,ἀρῶ raise • ἀπαγγέλλω -αγγελῶ report, tell • παραγγέλλω command, order • ἀποκτείνω,-κτενῶ kill • ἀπόλλυμι,ἀπολῶkill, destroy • ἀποστέλλω,-στελῶ send away • βάλλω,βαλῶ throw • ἐκβάλλω throw

36. Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 7 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • ἐγείρω, ἐγερῶ raise up • κρίνω,κρινῶ judge, decide, determine • μένω,μενῶ remain, stay • σπείρω, σπερῶ sow • φαίνω,φανῶ make appear

37. Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 7 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) A few other verbs also have contract futures. • ἐγγίζω,ἐγγιῶcome near • ἐλπίζω,ἐλπιῶ hope for • ἐυαγγελίζω,ἐυαγγελιῶbring good news, preach • καθαρίζω,καθαριῶcleanse • καλέω καλῶ call • παρακαλέω beg, encourage • λέγω, ἐρῶ say, tell • Biblical Greek uses only ἐρῶ (never λέξω) as the future of λέγω.

38. Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 7 part 4 Vocabulary: Core • ἀγγέλλω, ἀγγελῶ report, tell • αἴρω, ἀρῶ raise • αἰτέω -ήσω beg, ask • ἀποκτείνω,-κτενῶ kill • ἀπόλλυμι,ἀπολῶkill, destroy • βάλλω, βαλῶ throw • δηλόω -ώσω show • δοκέω, δόξω seem

39. Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 7 part 4 Vocabulary: Core • (ἐ)θέλω, ἐθελήσω want • ἐρωτάω -ήσω ask • εὑρίσκω, εὑρήσω find • ζάω, ζήσω live • ζητέω -ήσω seek • καλέω καλῶ call • κρατέω -ήσω rule over • κρίνω, κρινῶ judge, decide, determine

40. Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 7 part 4 Vocabulary: Core • λαλέω -ήσω talk, babble • λέγω, ἐρῶ say, tell • μέλλω, μελλήσω intend, be about to • μένω, μενῶ remain, stay • ποιέω -ήσω do, make • φαίνω, φανῶ make appear • χαίρω, χαιρήσωbe happy, say hello