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The Story of DNA

The Story of DNA. --- History of Molecular Biology. “History Teaches Everything, Including the Future.” --- Alphonse de Lamartine. Genetics Biochemistry Cell biology Microbiology Virology …. Overview of the History of Molecular Biology. 1929  – the chemical components of DNA

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The Story of DNA

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  1. The Story of DNA --- History of Molecular Biology “History Teaches Everything, Including the Future.” --- Alphonse de Lamartine

  2. Genetics Biochemistry Cell biology Microbiology Virology …

  3. Overview of the History of Molecular Biology • 1929 – the chemical components of DNA • 1940 – the relationship between genesand proteins • 1944 – Genes are made up of DNA • 1953 – the double helical structure of the DNA molecule (Watson and Crick) • 1957 – the “Central Dogma” and the “sequence hypothesis” (Crick) • 1958 – the mechanism ofDNAreplication • 1961 – the hypothesis of the messenger RNA(mRNA) • 1961to 1965 – the genetic code was deciphered …… • 1970s to 80s – DNA cloning, sequencing and genetic engineering • 1990s to 2000s – genome sequencing and functional study of genes DNA

  4. Overview of the History of Molecular Biology DNA cloning and genetic engineering Discovery of DNA Genes and DNA DNA - RNA - protein Genome era 1970 1930 1940 1950 1960 1980 1990 2000

  5. The search of genetic material Discovery of DNA DNA cloning and genetic engineering DNA - RNA - protein Genome era Genes and DNA • The discovery of DNA • Hofmeister (1848): discovery of chromosomes • Miescher (1868): “nuclein” = DNA + protein • Chromosome theory of inheritance • Mendel (1865): Laws of inheritance • Morgan (1910): Genes are on chromosomes • Who carries genetic material, DNA or proteins? 1970 1930 1940 1950 1960 1980 2000 1990

  6. How did people know that DNA carries genetic information? Discovery of DNA DNA cloning and genetic engineering DNA - RNA - protein Genome era Genes and DNA 1970 1930 1940 1950 1960 1980 2000 1990 Avery, Macleod and McCarty’s experiment (1943)http://www.dnaftb.org/dnaftb/17/animation/animation.html

  7. Avery’s Experiment on Pneumococcus: • A) What was the original observation that Avery made in test tubes? • B) List two hypotheses based on the observation (doesn’t matter if they are right or wrong). • C) What predictions would you make based on each of the hypotheses?

  8. How did people know that DNA carries genetic information? Discovery of DNA DNA cloning and genetic engineering DNA - RNA - protein Genome era Genes and DNA 1970 1930 1940 1950 1960 1980 2000 1990 Avery, Macleod and McCarty’s experiment (1943)http://www.dnaftb.org/dnaftb/17/animation/animation.html

  9. The Double Helix Discovery of DNA DNA cloning and genetic engineering DNA - RNA - protein Genome era Genes and DNA 1970 1930 1940 1950 1960 1980 2000 1990 • Crick and Watson: theoretical model • Wilkins and Franklin: X-ray diffraction • First accurate model of DNA's molecular structure (1953) • Nobel Prize, 1962 "Why You Are You. Nearer Secret of Life." --The News Chronicle of London Watson Crick Wilkin Franklin

  10. Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA • Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958) • A British Biophysicist • Specialized in X-ray crystallography • King’s College, London (1951-1953): - Worked with Maurice Wilkin and Raymond Gosling • Form A and B of DNA • Photograph 51 ”The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology“ by Horace Freeland Judson

  11. From DNA to Proteins Discovery of DNA DNA cloning and genetic engineering DNA - RNA - protein Genome era Genes and DNA 1970 1930 1950 1960 1980 2000 1940 1990 Reverse transcriptase • 1957 – the “Central Dogma” (Crick) • 1958 – the mechanism of DNA replication • 1961 – the hypothesis of the messenger RNA • 1961to 1965 – the genetic code was deciphered Howard Temin (Nobel Prize 1975)

  12. The Golden Age of Molecular Biology Discovery of DNA DNA cloning and genetic engineering DNA - RNA - protein Genome era Genes and DNA 1970 1930 1950 1960 1980 2000 1940 1990 • 1969: First gene in bacterial DNA isolated • 1970: First synthetic (artificial) gene • 1973: First successful DNA cloning experiment • 1977: DNA is sequenced • 1978: The first human gene is cloned – insulin • 1982: Genetically-engineered insulin is approved for use • 1985: PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is invented Har Gobind Khorana (Nobel Prize 1968)

  13. The Golden Age of Molecular Biology Discovery of DNA DNA cloning and genetic engineering DNA - RNA - protein Genome era Genes and DNA 1970 1930 1950 1960 1980 2000 1940 1990 • 1996: First genome sequenced – S. cerevisae(yeast) • 1997: Bacteria E. coli genome sequenced • 1998:C. elegans (worm) sequenced • 2000:Drosophila(fruit fly) sequenced • 2002:Mouse sequenced • 2001: First draft sequences of the human genome are released (Human Genome Project) • 2003: Completion of the mapping of the genes in the human genome Fred Blattner

  14. What can we do with DNA? • Genetic engineering - Use model organisms to study genes and functions - Make transgenic organisms • Applications for human - Forensics, paternity testing - Genetic diagnosis and prevention of diseases (Genetic counseling) - Gene therapy …

  15. DNA and The Revolution in Personalized Medicine • Your life depends on the secret of your DNA… • Personalized Medicine - Genetic screening for prevention (newborn screening, carrier screening, maternal screening, Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)) - Risk prediction - The right drug at the right dose for the right person

  16. Fields Related to Modern Molecular biology • Molecular genetics • Cell Biology • Bioinformatics • Biophysics and Structural Biology • Developmental Biology • Genomics • Population and evolutionary biology

  17. Next class: Case Study: The Human Genome Project and Designer BabyDiscussion of Molecular biology research groups on campus – What do they do and why?

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