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Chapter 1

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Chapter 1. Introduction. Overview. Relevance Background Terms General procedures. Relevance. Why study information security? Demand BLS estimates Bureau of Labor Studies US Govt data collection organization Classified as 15-1122 15 = Computing occupations 15-112 = analysts.

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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1 Introduction

  2. Overview • Relevance • Background • Terms • General procedures

  3. Relevance • Why study information security? • Demand • BLS estimates • Bureau of Labor Studies • US Govt data collection organization • Classified as 15-1122 • 15 = Computing occupations • 15-112 = analysts

  4. Relevance (contd.) • Total employment in 15-1122 • BLS, May 2010 • Count = 243,330 • Mean wage = $79,370 • Industry estimates • International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium – IISSCC, (ISC)2 • 2.28 million information security professionals worldwide • 900,000 in the Americas • Growth rate of 13% • Median wage $78,000 (probably US-centric)

  5. Demand drivers • Increasing criticality of information • To individuals • Photographs, school work • And organizations • Payroll, intellectual property, business processes etc • Increasing quantity of information • Customer details, purchase history, clickstream etc • Increasing computerization of information • No more paper ledgers

  6. Demand drivers (contd.) • More copies of information • Laptops (can be stolen) • Smart phones • BYOD (personally owned devices) • More diverse population of users • Not necessarily computer-savvy • Less aware • Hence, more committed attackers • Recent incidents generally motivated by profit

  7. A day in the life • What do information security professionals do? • Technical work • BLS • Plan, implement, upgrade, monitor • security measures for the protection of computer networks and information • May ensure appropriate security controls are in place to safeguard digital files and vital electronic infrastructure • May respond to computer security breaches and viruses • Non-technical work • Research new technologies • Internal/ political issues • Regulatory compliance • Develop internal security policies, standards and procedures

  8. A day in the life (contd.) • Time spent by information security professionals • Source: (ISC)2

  9. Desired competencies

  10. Brief history • Many current security procedures are the result of well-known past incidents • Part of industry folklore • Professional vocabulary • More comprehensive list available from many sources • Online (e.g. Wikipedia) • Industry publications (e.g. InformationWeek, ComputerWorld) • 1981 • TCP/ IP finalized • No mention of security • Internet community generally considered benign

  11. Brief history (contd.) • 1982-83 • Gang of 414’s • 6 teenagers from Milwaukee, WI • Hence the name (from area code) • Looking for excitement • Broke into 60 high-profile computer systems • E.g. Los Alamos • Newsweek cover story • Introduced term “hacker” into information security vocabulary • U.S. Congress hearings on computer security • Computer Fraud and Abuse act, 1986

  12. Brief history (contd.) • 1988 • Morris Worm • Nov. 2, 1988 • Robert Morris Jr. • Graduate student at Cornell • 99-line program designed to count the size of the Internet • Program bug caused computers to crash • 10% of Internet crashed • Possibly largest percentage damage of Internet ever • First conviction under 1986 act • CERT/ CC established at CMU

  13. Brief history (contd.) • 1995-1998 • Windows 95 released on 8/24/1995 • Low cost • Widely expanded computer ownership • Windows 95 designed primarily as stand-alone desktop • Almost no security • Windows 95 + TCP/ IP • Fertile ground for information security problems • Windows 98 released on 6/25/1998 • Added Internet • But almost no improvement in security

  14. Brief history (contd.) • 1996 • Health insurance portability and accountability act (HIPAA) • Push for electronic health records (EHR) • Hopes are to reduce wastage and hence healthcare costs • Healthcare industry responsible for ensuring confidentiality of patient information • Push to move completely to EHR by 2014

  15. Brief history (contd.) • 2000 • I LOVE YOU virus • May 5, 2000 • Deleted images on affected computers • Estimates damage exceeded $ 8bn globally • Primarily lost employee time in cleaning infected computers • Created by 2 college students • In the Philippines • ReomelRamores and Onel de Guzman • Traced immediately • But no charges filed • Virus writing not an offense in the Philippines at the time • Differences even today across countries

  16. Brief history (contd.) • 2002 • Sarbanes-Oxley act • Corporate fraud • MCI-Worldcom, Enron • Publicly traded companies • Affected pension investments • Key executives personally accountable for correctness in financial reporting • All financial statements produced by IT systems • Section 404 • Formal internal controls

  17. Brief history (contd.) • 2005 – 2007 • Retail industry • TJ Maxx, BJ’s wholesale club, Office Max etc • Millions of credit card and debit cards stolen • Many sold on specialized black markets • Exploited IT insecurities • Store wireless networks • Unencrypted • Web applications • SQL injection • Albert Gonzalez identified as ring-leader • March 2010 • Sentenced to 20 years

  18. Brief history (contd.) • 2008 • War between Georgia and Russia • Accompanied by Cyberwar • Massive denial of service attacks in Georgia • Many government web sites defaced • Russian state involvement suspected • If true • First known state-sponsored cyber warfare

  19. Brief history (contd.) • June 23, 2009 • Establishment of US Cyber Command • Defend US military computer networks • Respond in cyberspace as necessary • Following numerous alarming media reports • Joint Strike Fighter • $300 Bn weapons program • Largest ever weapons program of the US military • Terabytes of data stolen from project contractors • US electricity grid • Reported to be penetrated by other countries • Could be stopped at will

  20. Brief history (contd.) • January 12, 2010 • Google-China • Operation Aurora • Attempt to steal code base • Unencrypted version control system • Access emails of Chinese human-rights activists • Attacks traced to two educational institutions in China • China called attacks an attempt by students to refine their skills • Congress announced intention to investigate

  21. Brief history (contd.) • April 17, 2011 • SONY PlayStation Network compromised • 70 million subscribers on the network • Credit card information suspected to have been stolen • Network down almost all of summer break • Difficult time for parents • Students had planned to catch up on new games over the summer break

  22. Brief history (contd.) • February 2013 • Mandiant report released • Identifies APT1 unit of Chinese army as source of most cyber attacks on US entities • Demonstrates state-sponsored industrial espionage

  23. Definitions • Information security • Protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction in order to provide integrity, confidentiality and availability • US code section 3542, chapter 35, title 44 • RFC 2196 • CIA triad • Confidentiality • Integrity • Availability

  24. Definitions (contd.) • Confidentiality • Preserving authorized restrictions on access and disclosure, including means for protecting personal privacy and proprietary information • Individual right to privacy • Extends to personal information • Confidentiality is the mechanism by which custodians of information maintain privacy of individual information • Most common interpretation of information security • But social expectations keep changing • E.g. Facebook

  25. Definitions (contd.) • Integrity • Guarding against improper information modification or destruction, and includes ensuring information non-repudiation and authenticity • Makes information actionable • Huge focus of regulators • E.g. Sarbanes-Oxley • Availability • Ensuring timely and reliable access to and use of information • Very important to end-users • Has revenue implications in e-commerce systems

  26. Personal information security • Recommendations • From the authors’ perspective • Your mileage may vary • Anti-virus • Automatic software updates • At least two passwords • One for financial institutions • Preferably separate password for each financial institution • A different password for “fun” accounts • Websites, coupons, email etc

  27. Example case - Wikileaks • February 2010 • Wikileaks released classified memos from U.S. State Department archives • Published in leading newspapers of the world • E.g. New York Times • Cables went back to 1966 • Very embarrassing to U.S. government • Violated trust of foreign leaders in U.S. Government’s ability to keep secrets • Source: Pfc Bradley Manning • One of 3 million U.S. personnel with access to the cables • Part of U.S. Government effort to leverage information to stop terrorist attacks

  28. Summary • Overview of information security • Professional relevance of information security • Brief history of information security incidents • Definition of information security • Confidentiality • Integrity • Availability

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