Chapter 12 Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy

1. Chapter 12 Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy

2. RIO'S WELCOME SIGN FOR THE 2016 OLYMPICS "Solar City Tower," built atop the island of Cotonduba, will be the welcome symbol to the 2016 OlympicGames in Rio de Janeiro.It will be seen by the game visitors and participants as they arrive by air or water.The tower, captures solar energy. It will supply energy for all of the Olympic city, as well as also for part of Rio . It pumps up water from the ocean to create whatappears like a water fall and this fall stimulatesturbines that produce energy during the night. It will also hold the Olympic flame.

3. The Tower possesses an amphitheater, an auditorium, a cafeteria and boutiques. Elevators lead to various observatories.It also has a retractable platform for the practice of bungee jumping.At the summit is an observation point to appreciatethe scenery of the land and ocean, as well as the water fall.Solar City Tower will be the point of referencefor the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.

7. Nonrenewable energy accounts for most of our energy use in USA. 1. A lot of energy per volume (gas has more energy than wood.) 2. It’s ability to quickly start or stop providing energy. It takes a while for coal to heat up while gas can quickly be burned or shut off.

8. Nonrenewable Energy Only so much exists, finite. • Nonrenewable energy resources include: • Fossil fuels (coal/peat, oil, natural gas) derived from biological materials • Nuclear fuels (radioactive)

9. Worldwide Energy Use Considered Non-conventional fossil fuel

10. Energy Use Commercial energy sources: are bought and sold; e.g., coal, oil, and natural gas. As more countries become developed, commercial energy sources increases. Subsistence energy sources: gathered by individuals for their own use, e.g., wood, charcoal, and animal waste.

11. Energy Use As suggested by the Second Law of Thermodynamics, there will always be losses incurred when energy is extracted or used. Energy is always needed to obtain additional energy.

12. Inefficiencies in Energy Extraction and Use

13. Energy Return from Energy Investment. (Is it worth the energy to extract it?) EROEI = Energy obtained from fuel Energy invested to get the fuel

14. Energy Use About 30% of energy use in the United States is for transportation. Public transportation is more efficient, but often less convenient.

15. Fuel efficient vehicles are widely available. But many drivers continue to choose vehicles with low fuel efficiency.

16. Overall Fuel Efficiency of U.S. Automobiles

17. I need to go see my son in Utah. He is 600 km away. If I travel by air, it is 2.1MJ/passenger-kilometer.By car it is 3.6MJ/passenger-kilometer. How many megajoules will it take with each transportation?

18. I need to go see my son in in college. He is 600 km away. If I travel by air, it is 2.1MJ/passenger-kilometer.By car it is 3.6MJ/passenger-kilometer. How many megajoules will it take with each transportation? 2.1MJ/passenger-km x 600 km = 1260MJ/passenger 3.6 MJ/passenger-Km x 600kM = 2160MJ/passenger Gas has 120MJ per gallon, 2160MJ/120 18 gallons /passenger-trip

19. Electricity is a convenient form of energy.

20. Electrical Energy About 40% of energy used in the United States is to generate electricity But only 13% of that 40% is available, due to conversion losses. Energy transfer from fuel to electricity is about35%

21. Electricity Generation A combined cycle power plant for

22. A combined cycle power plant is more efficient because it uses steam to turn two turbines

23. Electricity Generation Burning coal transfers energy to water, creating steam. The kinetic energy of the steam is transferred to the blades of the turbine, a large device that resembles a fan.

24. Electricity Generation Energy in the steam rotates the turbine, and the central shaft of the turbine turns the generator. This mechanical motion generates energy. Electricity is transmitted into the electrical grid for distribution.This is how customers receive it.

25. Energy Efficiency Most coal-burning power plants are about 35% efficient. Power plants using other fossil fuels can be more efficient. Combined cycle natural gas–fired plants can achieve 60% efficiency.

26. A typical home needs 90kWh (kilo-watt-hours) per month. This is about 10,800kWh per year. If a power plant can generate 500MegaWatt-hours and have a .9 capacity factor (it is up and running 90% of the time), how many homes will the power plant support? 1MWh=1,000kWh Determine MW per month. (24 hours in a day, 30 in a month) Convert MWh per month, to kWh per month

27. A typical home needs 90kWh (kilo-watt-hours) per month. This is about 10,800kWh per year. If a power plant can generate 500MegaWatt-hours and have a .9 capacity factor (it is up and running 90% of the time), how many homes will the power plant support? 1MWh=1,000kWh Determine MW per month. (24 hours in a day, 30 in a month) Convert MWh per month, to kWh per month 900 kWh/month x 12 months= 10,800 kWh/year 500 MW x 24 hours/day x 30 days/month x .9 capacity = 324,000 MWh/month 324,000 MWh / month x 1000 kWh / MWh = 324,000,000 kWh / month 324,000,000 kWh/month / 900kWh /month / home = 360,000 homes

28. Fuels Used to Generate Electricity in the USA

29. Fossil fuels provide most of the world’s energy. From the 1800’s to 1950 most people used the following energy sources in this order: wood, coal, oil, natural gas, hydroelectric,

30. Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels provide most of the energy used in both developed and developing countries.China, US, Russia, India (ChURI) Most coal, oil, and natural gas was formed from the biomass of ancient organisms that died 50– 350 million years ago.

31. Coal Coal: solid fuel formed primarily from the remains of trees, ferns, and other plant materials that were preserved 280360 million years ago. Four types of coal exist, and are ranked from lesser to greater age, exposure to pressure, and energy content.

32. Coal • These four types are: • Lignite • Sub-bituminous • Bituminous • Anthracite • Largest coal reserves are in the United States, Russia, China, and India.

33. Coal

34. Coal to Liquid • Has been around for years, easy to access, and was what the Germans used in WWII for their troops. However, • it requires lots of water, • lots of energy for conversion of the goal to liquid fuel, • land is degraded and • polluted by mining and trace metals may be released in the mining process. US and China have a lot of coal! There is a 1000x more energy coal reserves than petroleum Since US has so much coal, we could use it. The EPA estimates that CTL has 2X the release of CO2 in the atm.

36. Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal

37. Petroleum Petroleum: a mixture of hydrocarbons, water, and sulfur that occurs in underground deposits. Mostly used to make gas. Oil and gasolineare energy-dense and an ideal fuel for mobile combustion, such as in vehicles.

38. Petroleum Formed from the remains of ocean-dwelling phytoplankton that died 50150 million years ago. Countries with the most petroleum are Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United States, Iran, China, Canada, and Mexico.

39. Petroleum US uses 816 million gallons per day, mostly for transportation. Petroleum migrates to the highest point in porous rock and are drilled. Natural gas is on top of that and at wells the gas is being burned off.

40. Advantages and Disadvantages of Petroleum

41. Natural Gas Natural gas:CLEANEST burning fossil fuel,existsas a component of petroleum in the ground, and also as separate gaseous deposits. Contains 80%95% methane CH4, 5%20% percent ethane C2H6, propane C3H8, butane C4H10.

42. What the Frick is Fracking? 9 out of 10 wells use fracking in the US.

45. Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Gas

46. Other Fossil Fuels • Oil sands: slow-flowing, viscous deposits of bitumen mixed with sand, water, and clay. • Bitumen (tar or pitch): a degraded type of petroleum that forms when a petroleum migrates close to the surface. • As the surface bacteria metabolize some of the light hydrocarbons and others evaporate. • Bitumen won’t flow and must be mined.

47. Bitumen

48. Per capita energy use has leveled off in the United States. But because of increasing population and more energy-demanding devices, energy use continues to intensify. Fossil Fuels Are a Finite Resource

50. The Hubbert Curve Estimate of max that is on planet, but hasn’t be resourced yet Known sources The Hubbert curve shows the point at which world oil production would reach a maximum and the point where we will run out of oil.