Technical options for placement of CO 2 in the maritime area

1. Technical options for placement of CO2 in the maritime area by Paul Freund www.ieagreen.org.uk

2. Placement of CO2 in marine area • Overview • Introduction • Where will the CO2 come from? • How will it be brought to site? • How could it be stored? • Progress • Conclusions

3. Introduction • Responding to Climate Change • Wide variety of mitigation options • Capture and storage of CO2 is one method of reducing emissions • No single technique can solve the problem of climate change • Capture and storage of CO2 has potential to reduce the cost of meeting climate goals • Purpose of this talk is to introduce the technology of CO2 storage

4. Global sources of CO2 • Opportunities for Emission reduction • Cost of capture depends on CO2 concentration • Early opportunities in NH3 plant, H2 plant, etc. Emissions, Mt CO2/y

5. Mainly N2, H2O to atmosphere Storage CO2 Separation CO2 Compression Flue gases Fossil fuel combustion Turbines Capture & Store CO2 • Example: power generation

6. CO2 capture at AES Warrior Run

7. Capturing CO2 • Other methods are under development: • Pre-combustion decarbonisation • Pre-combustion removal of nitrogen

8. Transporting CO2 - pipelines • CO2 pipeline: • 3100 km in use today • Capacity > 110 Mt/y Photo: Dakota Gasification

9. Transporting CO2 - ships • CO2 tanker: • Long distance shipping could be done by tanker • Construction similar to LPG tanker • Δ cost • Similar to long distance pipeline

10. Storage of CO2 • Must be • Safe and secure • Verifiable • Of sufficient capacity to make a difference • Capable of isolating the CO2 for 1000s of years • Natural reservoirs have sufficient • capacity: • Geological formations • Deep ocean

11. Ocean storage of CO2 • Options • Injection onto sea-floor • Dispersion at mid-depth • Formation of CO2-hydrate at depth • Mineral neutralization • All just concepts • Many outstanding issues • This is NOT the subject of today’s meeting

12. Geological Storage of CO2 • Storage options • Deep saline aquifers • Depleted oil fields • Natural gas fields • Unminable coal measures

13. Geological Storage Capacity • Global Storage Potential 920 Gt CO2 45% of Emissions to 2050 40 Gt CO2 <2% of Emissions to 2050 ~ 3000 Gt CO2 ~ 150% of Emissions to 2050 Comparative potentials at storage costs of up to $20/t CO2

14. Geological Storage of CO2 • Component parts: • Site selection • Formation depth, capacity, rock properties, location • Cap-rock, faults and other penetrations • Environmental impact and Risk assessments • Drilling injection wells • Pressurisation and Injection of CO2 • Remediation in case of leaks • Monitoring • During injection • Once CO2 is in the reservoir

15. CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery Recycled CO2 Production Well CO2 Injection Oil CO2

16. CO2 Re-injection – Natural Gas • If natural gas contains too much CO2, it must be removed before the gas is sent to market • Current application of CO2 Capture • Established practice is to vent CO2 after capture • Better environmental practice = store CO2 • Examples: • Sleipner • K-12B • In Salah • Snøhvit • Gorgon

17. Sleipner project Courtesy of Statoil

18. Sleipner A Sleipner T Gas from Sleipner Vest CO2 Injection Well CO2 Utsira Formation Production and Injection Wells Sleipner CO2 Injection Courtesy of Statoil

19. Gorgon Gas Field Courtesy of ChevronTexaco

20. Gorgon LNG plant with CO2 capture Courtesy of ChevronTexaco

21. Snøhvit CO2 Injection Courtesy of Statoil

22. Depth: 330 m Distance 160 km Snøhvit - Pipelines Courtesy of Statoil

23. Monitoring CO2 injection & storage • Reason for monitoring include: • Establish baseline conditions • Ensure effective injection controls • Locate the CO2 plume • Assess integrity of wells • Confirm storage efficiency and calibrate models • Detect and quantify seepage / assess impacts • For accounting purposes • In relation to legal disputes • Reassure the public about storage of CO2

24. Monitoring of CO2 • Possible monitoring techniques: • Pressure - Wellhead and/or Formation • Injection Rate • Well Logs, Fluid and Gas Composition • Seismic Monitoring • Electrical and Electromagnetic Monitoring • Gravity Monitoring • Tilt Measurements • Airborne or Satellite Imaging • CO2 Flux Monitoring • Atmospheric CO2 Concentration • Micro Seismicity

25. Seismic Analysis History match courtesy of Sintef Petroleum

26. Conclusions • Geological storage of Captured CO2 • Offers significant capacity for avoiding CO2 emissions • Would make a difference to climate change • Makes use of established technologies for injection and monitoring • Several examples now in operation/planned • These will serve as demonstrations which will influence attitudes.