Russian Revolution

2. Russian Revolution • Long term causes: • Weakness of Czar Nicholas (Romanov dynasty) • Lack of support for participation of WWI • Late to industrialize/troubled economy/ workers protesting (Bloody Sunday) • Loss in Russo-Japanese War (Before WWI, Japanese more advanced after Meiji Restoration) Bloody Sunday- peasants protest at Czar’s Winter Palace. Czarina orders massacres.

3. Bolshevik Revolution • “Peace, Land, Bread”- SLOGAN • Red Army- Bolsheviks, White Army- Czar/Upper Class • Romanov family murdered- Russia becomes U.S.S.R. • Trotsky commands Red Army NEP- New Economic Policy- capitalism influences used to transition to communism

4. Totalitarian Rule- one ruler, total power and controls public and private life • Command economy- leader controls economic decisions • Five Year Plan- forced collectivization to industrialize economy to compete with the west • Collectives- farms combined to great large government run farms • Stalin killed many political enemies in the late 1930’s in the Great Purge. Stalin starved the Kulaks (wealthy peasants) who refused to collectivize as method of control/intimidation. 3 million died in the Ukraine

5. Gandhi • Indian independence • Civil disobedience led to nonviolent protests • End of British imperialism • Unity between Muslims and Hindus • Assassinated by a Hindu radical

6. South Africa • Apartheid- legal segregation laws that separated blacks and whites. Established by Afrikaner Nationalist government in 1948, ended in 1991 • Nelson Mandela- used civil disobedience against apartheid • 1st black president of South Africa • President F.W. De Klerk ended Apartheid, Mandela won a few years later

7. Kwame Nkrumah- Ghana, non-violence, French, successful, becomes president for life • Jomo Kenyatta- Kenya, used guerrilla warfare, Mao Mao, against British

8. Mussolini became fascist dictator of Italy • Created fascist party, becomes totalitarian dictator • Hitler becomes highly influential in national socialist (or Nazi, also, do not confuse with socialist) party • Goes to jail after beer hall putsch, writes Mein Kamf (my struggle) • Elected chancellor, then takes complete control after Reichstag fire (false flag)

9. Japan attacks Manchuria for resources • Italy invades Ethiopia, imperialism part of fascist program, wanted to create new Roman empire (fascism comes from Roman word fasces, which was a bundle of rods that symbolized Roman power) • Germany invades Sudetanland (Czechoslovakia), then Austria (Anschluss), British follow policy of appeasement, then Hitler invades Poland and WWII starts • Neville Chamberlain- British Prime Minister associated w/ appeasement, Churchill followed, against appeasement

10. Appeasement- giving in to your enemy with hopes of stopping war • Blitzkrieg- “lightning war”, Germany employed blitzkrieg in Battle of Britain • Axis- Germany, Italy, Japan • Allies- Great Britain, France (taken over quickly by Germany- Vichy France, U.S.S.R. (Germany breaks non-aggression pact by attacking Russian- which was something he should have learned from Napoleon that you don’t do), U.S. after Pearl Harbor bombed by Imperialist Japan

11. D-Day- Allies push from the Western Front by invading Normandy • In the Pacific Allies pursued a campaing of island hopping after war in Europe was virtually over, finally over after dropping atomic bomb on Hiroshima and then Nagasaki

13. Cold War between U.S.A.! And U.S.S.R.! (Soviet Union) • Cold war began when the Soviet Union and U.S. emerged as leading superpowers after WWII • Capitalist airlift supplies to capitalist West Berlin • Truman Doctrine- written by President Truman whose goal was to CONTAIN communism to stop the DOMINO THEORY • Marshall Plan- U.S.A. provided economic aid to countries to help them resist communism after WWII • Alliances- Communist Warsaw Pact vs. Capitalist NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

14. HOT SPOTS of ze Cold War! • Cuba! • Bay of Pigs- PrezJFK provides weapons to uban exiles who try to take over government- it was, as bros say, an Epic Fail • Cuban Missile Crisis- Cuba and U.S.S.R. build nuclear missile bases pointed at U.S.A. JFK blockades Cuba/forces Kruschev to remove missiles • Korean War! • North Korea=COMMIE South Korea=CAPITALIST • U.S.S.R. and China back North Korea, USA back South Korea, remain divided • Vietnam War! • North Vietnam=COMMIE South Vietnam=CAPITALIST • N.V. , led by Ho Chi Minh, invades S.V., which is helped by U.S. • U.S. aid to S.V. is unsuccessful and they are forced to leave, Vietnam remains communist

15. Chinese Communist Revolution!!!!! • Mao Tse Tong (or Zedong) or Zeta Jones • Led communist overthrow of nationalist government with Red Guards • He wrote the “Little Red Book”, which is the blueprint for communism in China • Great Leap Forward- used to boost industrialization, based on Stalin’s 5 Year Plans, very unsuccessful • Cultural Revolution- Mao purged people (like Stalin’s Great Purge) were were political enemies, many being intellectuals • Overall Mao was totalitarian, boosted economy at expense of people

16. Post-Mao • Deng Xiaoping starts a process of de-Maoization • Four Modernizations: • Advancements in Science/Technology • Agriculture (Privatization) • Industry • Military/Defense Tinananmen Square Massacre- 1989- student protest nonviolently and then crushed by military

17. Collapse of the Soviet Union • In the 80’s when I was born- Gorbachev reforms Soviet Union with: • Perestroika: rebuilding/restructuring of Russian economy, allowing more market-based • Glasnost: more freedom of speech, less government censorship • Democratization, kinda: citizens allowed to vote for communist leaders, not other parties • Effects of Collapse • U.S.S.R. collapse and becomes Russian Federation • Russia becomes capitalist and democratic • Former communist satellites in eastern Europe/central Asia become independent