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虚拟天文台 Virtual Observatory National Virtual Observatory
The National Virtual Observatory • National • distributed in scope across institutions and agencies • available to all astronomers and the public • Virtual • not tied to a single “brick-and-mortar” location • supports astronomical “observations” and discoveries via remote access to digital representations of the sky • Observatory • general purpose • access to large areas of the sky at multiple wavelengths • supports a wide range of astronomical explorations • enables discovery via new computational tools National Virtual Observatory
虚拟天文台建成前: 利用大样本巡天/数据库 的例子 National Virtual Observatory
High Redshift Quasars • Several z>5 QSOs discovered by SDSSin the early test data National Virtual Observatory
Methane/T Dwarf SDSS T-dwarf (June 1999) • Discovery of several newobjects by SDSS & 2MASS National Virtual Observatory
New Neighbor of the Milky Way • Finding new galaxies by spatial clustering of red objects • New galaxy is about 30 million light years away • Larger than most of the spiral galaxies in the Messier Catalogue • Clearly visible in the 2MASS infrared image • Expect to find 1000’s of such galaxies with 2MASS Optical Infrared National Virtual Observatory
对NVO功能需求 ◎联合多波段和多次历元的星表 ◎以用户自定义工具对大量图像数据进行处理 ◎大量多维数据的可视化 ◎成分分析及寻找相关天体群的统计工具 National Virtual Observatory
Examples: non-local queries • Find all objects within 1' which have more than two neighbors with u-g, g-r, i-K colors within 0.05m • Find all star-like objects within dm=0.2 of the colors of a quasar at 5.5<z<6.5, using all colors in all available catalogs • Find galaxies that are blended with a star, output the deblended magnitudes • Provide a list of moving objects consistent with an asteroid, based on all the surveys, estimate possible orbit parameters • Find binary stars where at least one of them has the colors of a white dwarf, within the error boxes of hard x-ray sources National Virtual Observatory
过去天文学家常常花整个一生所获得的资料, 仅仅够得出有统计意义的结论。加上威力大的设备的观测时间是非常有限,那些需要大量数据来解决的天体物理问题就不能进行研究 National Virtual Observatory
现在情况正发生着巨大而迅速的改变. 这一改变是由过去几十年中发生的前所未有的技术进展所推动的. 这场天文学上革命性改变的主要领域集中在以下几个方面:望远镜的设计和制造,大尺度探测器阵列的开发,计算能力的指数增长以及通信网络不断增长的覆盖面积和容量 National Virtual Observatory
如同 Moore 定律反映计算能力随时间指数增长,在过去10年中观测天文技术的进步对天文发展也可以用 Moore定律来描述。 National Virtual Observatory
HST Data Archive Several Terabytes/year Already more retrieval than ingest! National Virtual Observatory
Trends • Future dominated by detector improvements • Moore’s Law growth in CCD capabilities • Gigapixel arrays on the horizon • Improvements in computing and storage will track growth in data volume • Investment in software is critical, and growing Total area of 3m+ telescopes in the world in m2, total number of CCD pixels in Megapix, as a function of time. Growth over 25 years is a factor of 30 in glass, 3000 in pixels. National Virtual Observatory
更多的地面和空间大口径天文设备的出现将会有一个严重且必然的结果:数据流极大地增加。比如目前 HST 每天大约产生 5Gb 的数据,而最近AASC巡天推荐建造的设备 --大口径巡天望远镜 the Large-Aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope -- 每天产生 10 TB 的数据 ! National Virtual Observatory
The Observatories • several multi-Terabyte databases • and further extensive catalogs of objects • NOAO/NRAO • 20% of the time on all its telescopes dedicated to major surveys using a wide range of telescope and instrumentation packages • The NASA Great Observatories • new opportunities for surveys, • combine mission-specific data with those from other missions and from the ground National Virtual Observatory
这些大的巡天计划将会产生大量质量均匀, 标准统一的数据,通常会以T字节来衡量。这种天文研究的变化, 不仅由於新设备威力的提高允许更快速地获得这些数据,还由於计算机的硬件和软件可以快速地进行数据采集、处理及存档。 National Virtual Observatory
Ongoing Mega-Surveys MACHO 2MASS SDSS DPOSS GSC-II COBE MAP NVSS FIRST GALEX ROSAT OGLE, ... • Large number of new surveys • Multi-terabyte in size, 100 million objects or larger • Individual archives planned and under way • Multi-wavelength view of the sky • More than 13 wavelength coverage within 5 years • Impressive early discoveries • Finding exotic objects by unusual colors L,T dwarfs, high redshift quasars • Finding objects by time variability gravitational micro-lensing National Virtual Observatory
Proposed Surveys • Next Decade: New optimized “survey systems” • exploring new parameter space • Dark Matter Telescope (DMT) • map the distribution of matter for z<1.5 from weak lensing, through deep, high quality images of galaxies • moving and variable objects through repetitive surveys • Spectroscopic Wide-Field Telescope (SWIFT) • evolution of galaxies from z~4 to the present from star formation rates • determine chemical abundances and kinematics National Virtual Observatory
将使天文学研究的特征发生变化的一个主要的技术进步是宽带的高速网络信息交换技术。虽然大量数据通过平常的网络进行交换还慢的不能接受将使天文学研究的特征发生变化的一个主要的技术进步是宽带的高速网络信息交换技术。虽然大量数据通过平常的网络进行交换还慢的不能接受 (传输 1 Tb的数据要花20多天),未来的网络会快得多。这种数据传输速率加上地面和空间设备的高效率的数据采集,使得在不同地点间的大量数据交换成为可能。这个技术使广泛用户能够访问, 使用其中某一部分的资料, 在这之前是不容易做到的,由此所产生的可能的科学结果是巨大的。 National Virtual Observatory
Why Now ? • The past decade has witnessed • a thousand-fold increase in computer speed • a dramatic decrease in the cost of computing & storage • a dramatic increase in access to broadly distributed data • large archives at multiple sites and high speed networks • significant increases in detector size and performance • These form the basis for science • of qualitatively different nature National Virtual Observatory
国家虚拟天文台所具备的新的科学能力, 是实现己有的或即将产生的TB级至PB级数据的全部科学价值的关键。对大规模星表的快速检索、统计相关关系的建立、数据中新的结构图案和时变的发现, 以及与成熟的数值模拟的比对, 都是通向新科学的途径, 它们都可以通过国家虚拟天文台实现 National Virtual Observatory
The Discovery Process Past:observations of small, carefully selected samples of objects in a narrow wavelength band • discover significant patterns • from the analysis of statistically rich and unbiased image/catalog databases • understand complex astrophysical systems • via confrontation between data and large numerical simulations Future: high quality, homogeneous multi-wavelength data on millions of objects, allowing us to The discovery process will rely heavily on advanced visualization and statistical analysis tools National Virtual Observatory
NVO Science: Discoveries • Discoveries of rare objects: • Searches for exotic new sources truly rare at level of 1 source in 10 million • Multi-wavelength identification of large statistical samples of previously rare objects: • brown dwarfs, high-z quasars, ultra-luminous IR galaxies, etc. • Efficient cross-identification of “unidentified sources” from new surveys • Example: Use radio, optical, and IR surveys to identify serendipitous Chandra X-ray sources • Selection of targets for spectroscopic follow-up National Virtual Observatory
NVO Science: Statistical Surveys • Homogeneous samples of typical objects • Mega-surveys: sample size not a problem any more • Statistical accuracy determined entirely by systematics • Multi-wavelength data enables accurate sample selection(evolution, rest-frame selection) • High Precision Astrophysics of Origins • Large scale structure of the universe • Galactic structure • Galaxy evolution • Active galaxies, galaxy clusters, ... • Stellar populations • Leading to New Astronomy National Virtual Observatory
New Astronomy – Different! • Systematic Data Exploration • will have a central role in the New Astronomy • Digital Archives of the Sky • will be the main access to data • Data “Avalanche” • the flood of Terabytes of data is already happening, whether we like it or not! • Transition to the new • may be organized or chaotic National Virtual Observatory
Necessary Components • New archival methods • New analysis tools • New hardware requirements National Virtual Observatory
New Archival Methods • Structure and manage multi-TB (and soon PB) data archives, distributed across the continent • Rapid and transparent access to image/catalog databases across all wavelengths, via intelligent query agents • Efficient query and data retrieval by more than 10,000 scientists world-wide, with enhanced search operators (like spatial proximity) National Virtual Observatory
Geometric Indexing Attributes Number Sky Position 3 Multiband Fluxes N = 5+ Other M= 100+ “Divide and Conquer” Partitioning 3NM HierarchicalTriangular Mesh Split as k-d treeStored as r-treeof bounding boxes Using regularindexing techniques National Virtual Observatory
New Analysis Tools • Discover new patterns through advanced statistical methods and visualization techniques • Confront catalogs and image databases with numerical simulations of astrophysical systems • Collaborative exploration of multi-wavelength databases by multiple groups working at remote sites National Virtual Observatory
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