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Modal verbs

Modal verbs.  Unit 6: Grammar section. Three basic rules. Invariable verbs: -s No auxiliaries: do / does Always followed by INFINITIVE. Be able to + INF Have to + INF Need to + INF. Except. Ability. Present: Can / can’t + INF Ex: Jim can draw very well . Future:

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Modal verbs

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  1. Modal verbs  Unit 6: Grammar section.

  2. Three basic rules • Invariable verbs: -s • No auxiliaries: do / does • Always followed by INFINITIVE Be able to + INF Have to + INF Need to + INF Except

  3. Ability • Present: • Can / can’t + INF Ex: Jim can draw very well. • Future: • Will / won’t + be able to + INF Ex: When I finish my project I will be able to go out with my friends.

  4. Ability • Past: • Was / wasn’t or were / weren’t able to + INF [Particular past ability: “poder”] Ex: The boat sank near the beach, so we were able to swim to the shore. • Could / couldn’t + INF [General past ability: “saber”] Ex: We could swim when we were 5.

  5. Obligation • Necessity / Obligation: • Must + INF [Strong / personal] Ex: You must wear a helmet when you ride a bike. • Have to + INF [Task] Ex: I have to do my homework before dinner. • Need to + INF [Necessity] Ex: I need to go to the bank.

  6. Obligation • Lack of Obligation: • Don’t / doesn’t have to + INF Ex: You don’t have to sweep the floor, there is someone to do it for you. • Needn’t + INF Ex: You needn’t bring anything to the dinner.

  7. Be careful! • Need is followed by to + INF in affirmative forms: Ex. I need to go to the bank. • The negative form, Needn’t , is only followed by the INF: Ex. You needn’t use your car. BUT

  8. Obligation • Prohibition: • Mustn’t + INF Ex: Students mustn’t run in the corridors. • Can’t + INF Ex: You can’t use the computer after midnight.

  9. advice • Affirmative: • Should / Ought to + INF Ex: You should / ought to stop eating chocolate if you want to lose weight. • Negative: • Shouldn’t + INF Ex: You shouldn’t eat so much chocolate if you want to lose weight.

  10. Certainty • Sure: • Must + INF [I am sure that…] Ex: She must be happy because she has won the car. • Impossible: [It’s impossible that…] • Can’t + INF Ex: She can’t be at class because she is abroad.

  11. Certainty • Possible: • May + INF [Stronger] Ex: It may be quicker to travel by train. • Might + INF Ex: We might get lost if we don’t use a map.

  12. Certainty • Possibility can also be expressed using: • Can + INF Ex: We can paint the walls later. • Be able to + INF Ex: I think they will be able to win this time. • Could + INF [Remote possibility] Ex: We could go on Friday evening.

  13. request • Formal: • May + INF [Very formal] Ex: May I use your phone, please? • Could + INF Ex: Could you tell me the way to the station? • Would + INF Ex: Would you like to help me with the luggage? • Informal: • Can + INF Ex: Can you speak more clearly?

  14. Suggestion & offer • Suggestion: • Could + INF [Formal] Ex: You could join our team next week. • Can + INF [Informal] Ex: You can sing that song again! • Offer: • Would+ INF Ex: Would you like a cup of tea?

  15. PERFECTModal verbs • Actions in the past. • Modal + have + participle

  16. Certainty • Sure: • Must + HAVE + PARTICIPLE [A certainty or logical conclusion about an event in the past] Ex: The lights are out. Everyone must have left . • Impossible: • Couldn’t + HAVE + PARTICIPLE [A certainty that something did not happen] Ex: She couldn’t have done a better job.

  17. Certainty • Possible: • May / Might + HAVE + PARTICIPLE [A guess about something that happened in the past. You’re not sure of it] Ex: She may / might have read this book, but I’m not sure.

  18. Ability • Only in affirmative: • Could + HAVE + PARTICIPLE [The ability to do something in the past, but which in the end was not done] Ex: You could have avoided that accident.

  19. Criticism or regret • In affirmative: • Should / Ought to + HAVE + PARTICIPLE [Advice which was not followed in the past] Ex: You should /ought to have listened to me. [Expectations which were not fulfilled] Ex: They should / ought to have nominated the film for an Oscar. • In negative: • Shouldn’t + HAVE + PARTICIPLE [Criticism that is given after an event] Ex: He shouldn’t have refused the opportunity.

  20. Desire • Would + HAVE + PARTICIPLE [Desire to do something in the past which in fact could not be done] Ex: I would have lent you my car but my father needed it too.

  21. Unnecessary action • Needn’t + HAVE + PARTICIPLE [Something that was done but it was not necessary] Ex: You needn’t have raised your voice.

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