GENDER TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Building a common language

1. GENDER TERMS AND DEFINITIONSBuilding a common language Elena Ojala

2. Topics • Gender terms and definitions • Sex / Gender • Gender perspective • Gender mainstream • Gender roles • Gender stereotypes • Gender equality • Gender equity • Gender balance • Gender hierarchy • Gender analysis

3. What do you think about when you hear? Men and armed conflict Women and armed conflict

4. www.mil.se/swedint Sex and gender Sex Gender Socially constructed Dynamic, over time Dynamic, between spaces • Biological • Constant • Universal Subject to change! NORDIC CENTRE FOR GENDER IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

5. www.mil.se/swedint Different gender definitions • How has it been defined by different organizations and actors? UN NATO NORDIC CENTRE FOR GENDER IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

6. www.mil.se/swedint GENDER in NATO Bi SC Directive 40-1 ”Gender refers to the social attributes associated with being male and female learned through socialisation and determines a person's position and value in a given context. This means also the relationships between women and men and girls and boys, as well as the relations between women and those between men. These attributes, opportunities and relationships are socially constructed and are learned through socialisation processes. Notably, gender does not equate to woman.” NORDIC CENTRE FOR GENDER IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

7. www.mil.se/swedint GENDER in NATO Bi SC Directive 40-1 ”Gender refers to the social attributes associated with being male and female learned through socialisationand determines a person's position and value in a given context. This means also the relationships between women and men and girls and boys, as well as the relations between women and those between men. These attributes, opportunities and relationships are socially constructed and are learned through socialisation processes. Notably, gender does not equate to woman.” NORDIC CENTRE FOR GENDER IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

8. www.mil.se/swedint GENDER in UN DPKO/DFS GUIDELINES ” Gender refers to the social attributes, opportunities and relationships associated with being male and female. These attributes, opportunitinies and relationshipsare socially constructed and learned through socialization. They are context-/time-specific and changeable. Gender defines power relations in society and determines what is expected, allowed and valued in a woman or a man in a given context.” Office of the Special adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (OSAGI), www.un.org/woman/osagi/conceptsanddefinitions.htm NORDIC CENTRE FOR GENDER IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

9. www.mil.se/swedint GENDER in UN DPKO/DFS GUIDELINES ”Genderrefers to the social attributes, opportunities and relationships associated with being male and female. These attributes, opportunitinies and relationships are socially constructed and learned through socialization. They are context-/time-specific and changeable. Gender defines power relationsin society and determines what is expected, allowed and valued in a woman or a man in a given context.” Office of the Special adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (OSAGI), www.un.org/woman/osagi/conceptsanddefinitions.htm NORDIC CENTRE FOR GENDER IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

10. Gender perspective To have a gender perspective is to have the ability to detect if and when men, women, boys and girls are being affected differently by a situation due to their gender.

11. Gender mainstreaming • Gender mainstreaming in this context represents the process to recognize and incorporate the role gender plays in relation to NATO's various operations and missions. • Defined as a strategy to achieve gender equality by assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies and programs in all areas and at all levels – in order to ensure that the concerns and experiences of women and men are taken into account

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13. Other useful gender terminology

14. www.mil.se/swedint Gender Roles https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIwWS2atEmc Write down • 2 – 3 ways your behavior conforms • 2 – 3 ways your behavior does not conform NORDIC CENTRE FOR GENDER IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

15. www.mil.se/swedint Gender Roles https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIwWS2atEmc Write down • 2 – 3 ways your behavior conforms • 2 – 3 ways your behavior does not conform NORDIC CENTRE FOR GENDER IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

16. Gender roles Gender roles are cultural and personal. They determine how males and females should think, speak, dress, and interact within the context of society. Learning plays a role in this process of shaping gender roles. Often they are set by society or by a cultural context.

17. www.mil.se/swedint Gender Roles https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIwWS2atEmc Write down • 2 – 3 ways your behavior conforms • 2 – 3 ways your behavior does not conform NORDIC CENTRE FOR GENDER IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

18. Gender stereotypes Widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea about gender roles. Stereotypes can be positive or negative, but they rarely communicate accurate information about others Risky since they are not based on facts or analysis

19. www.mil.se/swedint Gender Roles https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-VqsbvG40Ww NORDIC CENTRE FOR GENDER IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

20. Gender analysis • Gender analysis is defined as the systematic gathering and examination of information on gender differences and social relations in order to identify and understand inequities based on gender. • Collecting and analyze information about gender factors in a specific context.

21. Gender equality /Gender equity Gender equality - equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities for women and men, boys and girls. Gender equity – the process of being fair to women and men, e.g. be given the same means of benefiting from the equality

23. Gender hierarchy Through power relations A hierarchy is an arrangement of items, objects, names, values, categories, etc. in which the items are represented as being "above“, "below," or "at the same level as" one another. Through gender hierarchy, women can be attributed less resources, influence and social status than men.

24. Gender balance • Refers to the equal representation of woman and men at all levels of employment. Having gender balance in the military does not ensure gender perspective automatically will be integrated!

25. Quiz! Match the statement to the term! • When giving a testimony, the women’s accounts have half the value of the men’s accounts. • Women are simply better at washing dishes! • Each staff branch (J1-J9) should have an appointed gender focal point. • Gender stereotypes • Gender hierarchy • Gender mainstreaming

26. www.mil.se/swedint Why do we have gender stereotypes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-VqsbvG40Ww NORDIC CENTRE FOR GENDER IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

27. Key points A common terminology to work with a common understanding! Gender Social attributes associated with being male or female and learned from socialization, e.g. socially constructed through relationships and interactions. Gender does not equate to women. Gender perspective To have a gender perspective is to be able to detect if and when men and women are being affected differently by a situation/operation due to their sex. Gender mainstreaming Consider the needs, experiences and concerns of women and men at all levels and with all activities.

28. Questions or comments? Thank you!