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Lesson Two American Indians in Michigan. Unit Three: The History of Michigan. The BIG Ideas. Native Americans , or American Indians , were the first people in Michigan.
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Lesson Two American Indians in Michigan Unit Three: The History of Michigan
The BIG Ideas • Native Americans, or American Indians, were the first people in Michigan. • The very first Native Americans in Michigan lived in Michigan long, long ago. They left behind artifacts like spearpoints and arrowheads. • The Hopewell, or Mound-builders, lived in parts of Michigan after these early people. • After the Hopewell, came “The People of the Three Fires.” This was an alliance made up of the Potawatomi, the Odawa (Ottawa) and the Ojibway. They had similar cultures. • Other Native Americans who lived in Michigan included the Miami, the Huron, and the Menominee. • Many Native Americans still live in Michigan today. Like all cultural groups, it is important to them to keep their cultural traditions alive.
American Indians The first people to live on the land which became the United States Example: American Indians are also known as Native Americans.
Historians think humans have lived in Michigan for over 10,000 years. We don’t know much about these early people. Why?
These people did not leave behind any photographs or written records like the clues they examined in Lesson 1, but they did leave behind some objects, or artifacts. A special kind of a historian, called an archaeologist, specializes in study of artifacts from the past.
artifacts things from the past that are left for us to study Example: Old tools, dishes, and buttons are examples of artifacts.
archaeologist special historians who study the artifacts of the past Example: Archaeologists study artifacts such as bones, tools, and old building sites.
Stone Spear Points made thousands of years ago. (primary source) Source: http://www.historyofscience.com/G2I/timeline/images/biface.jpg
By using artifacts like these, archaeologists have begun to put clues together in order to understand more about these earliest people in Michigan.
When these early people were living in Michigan, the climate changed and became warmer. • As a result, smaller animals and different kinds of plants appeared in Michigan. The early humans changed also. They adapted to this new environment. • They began to gather more plants for food, and they learned to make boats and fish. • Eventually they began to farm and grow their own food.
We are going to look at Clue 2 and Clue 3. These two clues are evidence from a group of Native Americans that lived in Michigan after the earlier people.
Clue Two Source: http://aboutfacts.net/Ancient/Ancient14/mounds2.jpg
These people were known as the Hopewell, or Mound Builders. • Archeologists have studied the burial mounds they left behind like in Clue 2. • Mounds like these were found mostly near Grand Rapids, but also in Saginaw, Detroit, and other areas in the 1800’s. • The looked unusual because the land around them was flat. • The mounds did not appear to be natural. • Farmers who found these mounds in their fields dug into them and found pottery, bones, and other objects. • Over time, construction crews leveled many of these mounds, and cities grew where the mounds had been.
Clue Three Clue 3 shows pencil drawings of artifacts found in a mound over one hundred years ago. Courtesy of: Hopewell Archeology. Midwest Archeological Center. <http://www.cr.nps.gov/mwac/hopewell/v4n1/one.htm>.
What can be learned from the old pencil drawings? • The people who built the mound buried things like pottery in them. • Sometimes the pottery was all in one piece, and sometimes it was broken into many pieces. • The pottery had designs on it. • Other things were found, such as spearheads and teeth. • It was hard to figure out what some pieces were.
The Three Fires • Early hunters and the Hopewell lived long ago in Michigan. • Closer to our time there were three major Indian groups in Michigan. They were known as the “People of the Three Fires” or the Anishinabeg. • These terms refer to three groups that formed an alliance. • This meant they pledged to come together when there were problems. • These three groups were related through language. • They also had very similar cultures.
alliance when groups of people come together to help each other when there are problems Example: The People of the Three Fires formed an alliance.
People of the Three Fires An alliance of three similar Native American groups in Michigan Example: The Ottawa, the Potawatomi, and the Ojibway are three groups that are known as the People of the Three Fires.
culture the way of life of a group of people Example: The People of the Three Fires had cultures that were much alike.
The Three Fires • The Ojibwa (also spelled Ojibway or Ojibwe) who were also known as the Chippewa. • The Odawa, or Ottawa • The Potawatomi
The People of the Three Fires Roughly 300 years ago.
The Ojibwa The Ojibwa was the largest group of the “Three Fires.” They lived along the southern shores of Lake Superior and the western shores of Lake Huron. They moved at times and usually settled near rivers and lakes. They were admired for being excellent hunters, fishers, and trappers. They were also well-known for their birch bark canoes. When they lived in areas with good soil, they farmed and raised crops such as corn and squash. They also gathered nuts and fruits. They made maple syrup from the sap of maple trees and gathered wild rice. They lived in villages made of small round buildings called wigwams. These were houses made from a frame of bent poles which was covered with bark, animal skins or mats. They made items like moccasins and bags from deerskin which was decorated with porcupine quills. They were known for their beautiful beadwork which often had flower designs. They also made birch bark baskets and boxes.
The Potawatomi The Potawatomi lived at one time in the southwest section of Michigan. Then, they spread out and moved to other areas such as the land around what is now the city of Saginaw. Of the three groups, the Potawatomi were known as the best farmers. They grew more of their own food than the other two groups. Crops included squash, corn, melons, and beans. They also used maple sap to make syrup and sugar. They lived in villages, but moved their villages with the seasons. In the warm months they lived near rivers and lakes in round wigwams or rectangular lodges. In the winter, the villages often broke up into small groups of families that moved into the forests where the hunting was good. The Potawatomi used canoes for fishing and going short distances, but they did not travel by water as much as the other two groups. Like the other two groups, the Potawatomi used sleds and snowshoes in winter. They were well known for their quill embroidery, basketry, and beadwork.
The Odawa The Odawa, or Ottawa, lived along the eastern shores of Lake Michigan. They were known for being excellent traders. They used bark canoes to travel hundreds of miles in order to trade goods. The Odawa lived in villages. Their houses were small oval buildings called wigwams or longhouses which were like apartment buildings in which several families lived. They often built log walls around their villages for protection. They hunted and fished and sometimes farmed. They made sugar from maple sap. They were known for being very good weavers and wove beautiful mats, bags, and baskets. One of their most famous leaders was Chief Pontiac.
human/environment interaction ways in which people use and interact with the Earth. Example: When people build new roads they are interacting with the Earth.
natural resources things in nature that people find useful Example: Water, soil, and trees are natural resources.
How did the People of the Three Fires use the natural resources of their environment?
Human/Environment Interaction Sample Answers • They used rivers and lakes for travel. • They used the land for farming. • They used trees for many different kinds of things including maple syrup, canoes, and housing materials.
adapting to the natural environment when people change to fit the environment Example: People in Michigan wear warm coats, hats, and mittens to fit the environment in winter.
Human/Environment Interaction Sample Answers • They ate foods that were around them like nuts and berries. • The Potawatomi moved their villages with the seasons. • They made their houses out of things they found around them like bark.
modifying the environment when people change the environment to fit them Example: People in Michigan modified the environment by cutting down trees to clear land for farming.
Human/Environment Interaction Sample Answers • They cleared land to create villages. • They cleared land to plant crops. • They cut down trees to make things like houses and canoes.
Human/Environment Interaction Sample Answers • They used rivers and lakes for travel. • They used the land for farming. • They used trees for many different kinds of things including maple syrup, canoes, and housing materials. • They ate foods that were around them like nuts and berries. • The Potawatomi moved their villages with the seasons. • They made their houses out of things they found around them like bark. • They cleared land to create villages. • They cleared land to plant crops. • They cut down trees to make things like houses and canoes.
Other Native American groups lived in Michigan besides the “Three Fires” • Huron: They came from what is now New York. The Iroquois drove them out of that area. They went to live near the Straits of Mackinac and later moved to the Detroit area. The Huron living in Detroit were known as the Wyandotte • Miami: They lived mainly in the southwestern corner of Michigan but there was also a Miami settlement in the Detroit area. Farming was important to them. • Menominee: They lived in the western part of the Upper Peninsula. They depended mainly on wild rice, but also kept gardens, hunted, and fished.
We have to be careful not just to think about Native Americans in the past. We also need to learn about Native Americans living in Michigan today.
Indian Reservations and Tribes in Michigan 1 Bay Mills Indian Community: Brimley, Michigan 2 Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians: Suttons Bay Michigan 3 Hannahville Indian Community: Wilson, Michigan 4 Huron Potawatomi Nation: Fulton, Michigan 5 Keweenaw Bay Indian Community: Baraga, Michigan 6 Lac Vieux Desert Band of Chippewa: Watersmeet ,Michigan 7 Little River Bay Band of Ottawa Indians: Manistee, Michigan 8 Little Traverse Bay Band of Ottawa Indians: Petoskey, Michigan 9 Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians: Dowagiac, Michigan 10 Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe: Mt. Pleasant, Michigan 11 Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa: Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan 12Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan: Dorr, Michigan
The following website has a good collection of photos on the Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan:http://www.mbpi.org/History/photos.asp. • Also, the Nokomis Center in Okemos, Michigan has a website with photos, information and an online shop with many resources which can be purchased.
Many Native Americans in Michigan do not live on these reservations, but rather in cities and towns throughout the state.
history the study of the past Example: When you study history you study about people and events of the past.
historian a person who studies the past Example: A historian studies clues from the past.
