RENAISSANCE

1. RENAISSANCE

2. Film • Who were the Medici? Why was the film titled “Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance?” • What is the significance of patronage? • Filippo Lippi • Donatello • Who was Filippo Brunelleschi?

3. Small Group Discussion • The Renaissance has been described as the “prototype of the modern world” by Jacob Burckhardt…writing in 1860, what did he view as “modern” in this period? • What transitions are there in political structure? Social organization? Cultural values? Artistic ideas? Economic practices? • Effects of the Black Death? Growth of urban areas? Advent of printing? Emergence of the Italian merchant elite?

4. Small Group Discussion • Does the term “Genius” accurately reflect the innovators of the Renaissance? • Individuals in Society on page 391, Volume I on 322 • Or is “Renaissance Man” more appropriate • Baldassare Castiglione: The Book of the Courtier • What is difference between “genius” and “Renaissance man?”

5. What caused the Renaissance? • 14th Century Disasters • Geography and Urban Environments • Italian Political Structure and Conflict • Trade, commercialism, and wealth • Literature and ideas • Within your group, make a case for how your factor contributed to the rise of the Renaissance culture and society more than the other categories • After all the presentations, rank the factors in order of importance

6. AP EURO STUDY GUIDE • Discussion Questions: • 1. What does the term “Renaissance” mean and how did the Italian and Northern Renaissance differ? • 2. How was the Renaissance manifested in politics, government, and social organization? • 4. What were the intellectual and artistic hallmarks of the Renaissance? • 5. Did the Renaissance involve shifts in religious attitudes?

7. Periods of the Renaissance • Era of rapid transitions • 1350-1400 was characterized by declining population, uncovering of classical texts and experimentation in variety of art forms • 1400-1450 was distinguished by creation of a set of cultural values and artistic and literary achievements • 1500-1550 was marked by invasions from France and Spain that transformed Italian political life, and the ideas and techniques of Italian writers and artists spread throughout the continent

8. Attitude of the People • “Rebirth” – going back to the times of Ancient Greece and Rome • Used texts as a guide to the way life should be rather than a historical record • Due to Black Death, 100 Years War, and Papacy conflict, people start living for today • View world as a place for pleasure • Universities start to draw away from church and teach curriculum with focus on Humanism

9. Attitude of the People • Religion now focuses on the powers of man to affect his world • Humans are no longer frail creatures but have a vast range of human powers • Civic Humanism: build hospitals, fountains, squares, sculpture, & parks rather than cathedrals

10. Why Italy? • Most advanced urban society in Europe because aristocrats lived in city rather than castle outside of it • Better educated because they were merchants and needed to know how to communicate to trade • Great connection to the classical because there were so many ancient ruins and remnants of art • Money! • Venice through Mediterranean Sea • Medici Banks • Church

11. Urban Living • 1 in 4 Italians lived in towns • Cities dominated their regions economically, politically, and culturally and served as centers of judicial power • Cities began as markets and the privilege to participate in the market defined citizens • Hierarchy of guilds: 1) clothiers, metalworkers 2) bankers, merchants, administrators 3) grocers, masons • Rest of people were wage laborers and half were poor • 10% of people controlled 90% of money

12. Economy of the Renaissance • Defined by the concentration of wealth • Agriculture and clothing manufacturing are two most significant economic activities; merchants make up just a small portion of the workforce • Market economy of Renaissance only refers to few • Population change dictated supply and demand and ultimately the Renaissance economy • Finished products > consumers  lower prices for basics and higher wages for labor

13. Quality of Life: Reason for Hope • Health improved, life expectancy increased due to surplus of grain, and improvements in transportation and communication led to diversified diet • Social and political cohesiveness • Blood relations, neighborhoods, occupation • Growing sense of civic pride and individual accomplishment • Stress on production of luxury goods led to excellent workmanship

14. City Structure • Northern Italian cities: Associations of free men who looked for political and economic independence from local nobles  Communes • Oligarchy created by northern Italian feudal nobility and commercial elite • Popolo: common people in communes that didn’t meet qualifications of citizenship • Property qualification • Years of residence within the city • Social connections • Through force, popolo established Republican governments with the power in the hands of the people but civil order was impossible…power went back to oligarchy

15. Communes and Republics • Signori: government in which one man rules and hands down the right to rule to his son (also the rulers) • Courts: magnificent households and palaces where rulers lived, conducted business and supported the arts • Display the wealth of the family

16. City-States • Venice: run by oligarchy of merchant-aristorcrats • Milan: Signori of the Sforza ruled from 1447-1535 • Florence: Medici banking family starting in 1434 • Papal States: Pope Alexander VI with help of his illegimate son Cesare Borgia • Naples: controlled by King of Aragon • “Jungle where the powerful dominated the weak.” • Machinery of Modern Democracy: Permanent embassies to monitor business in other states

17. Subject to Attack • Milan asked France for support against Florence and Naples; France invaded Italy in 1494 • Fulfilled prophecy of Girolamo Savonarola that God would punish Italy for moral vice and corrupt leadership • Medici’s fall and Savonarola becomes leader • Destroys anything that may lead to sin • “bonfires of the vanities” • He eventually is excommunicated, tortured and burned at same spot as the “bonfires”

18. Humanism • Using the words provided, create a word-map explaining the key concepts of Humanism and the Northern Renaissance. • As a small group, answer any questions that are included in the word map. • You must be able to define and discuss all of the key terms and events from this map. Keep in mind the readings from Volume I on page 303-312 • GUIDING QUESTION: Explain the ways in which Italian Renaissance humanism transformed ideas about the individual’s role in society

19. Mysticism: Northern Renaissance • Belief that the individual could commune with God without priests or sacraments – not openly rebellious against Catholicism, but roots of Reformation can be found in northern Mysticism • North was more religious; a blend of the old and new • Increase in # of laymen that show interest in religion • Seeds are planted for Reformation in Northern Europe and Germany

20. HUMANISM • Francesco Petrarch: examining classical texts would bring about golden age of intellectual achievement • Humanism: study of works of ancient Latin and Greek authors in order to understand human nature • Linked the decline of Latin language after death of Cicero to death of Roman Republic • Platonic Academy established by Marsilio Ficino in order to synthesize Christian and Platonic teachings

21. HUMANISM • Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola believed man has no fixed place and could rise or descend in the world • No limits to capabilities • Virtù: ability to shape the world around them according to their own will…rise above one’s background • On the Dignity of Man (1486)

22. EDUCATION • Study in the classics provides essential skills for future diplomats, lawyers, leaders, etc. • Latin Grammar and rhetoric  Roman history and political philosophy  Greek lit. and philosophy • Castiglione’s The Courtier: 1528; described the ideal gentleman • Similar to what the ideal gentleman looks like today? • How-to manual for those looking to climb social ladder

23. POLITICAL THOUGHT • Humanist picture of an ideal ruler • Bruni: republicanism was best form • Plato: one enlightened single individual is best • “Civic Humanism” – need for educated men to be active in political affairs of their city • Machiavelli: Civic humanist • Secretary to governing body after Medici • Arrested when Medici’s come back to power • The Prince; function of a ruler is to preserve order by any means necessary • “Safer for the prince to be feared than loved…” Thoughts? • First guide to politics

24. CHRISTIAN HUMANISM • Believed that best elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combined • Studied Hebrew, Greek and Latin • Thomas More: Utopia (1516) • Erasmus • Education is means to reform and core of education should be study of Bible and the classics • “Philosophy of Christ” – not formalism, ceremonies or laws but an inner attitude of the heart

25. Discussion Question • What were the key ideas of the Renaissance, and how were they different for men and women and for southern and northern Europeans? • Pg. 382-383 and ?’s on 383

26. Renaissance Art • Classical Antiquity such as Pagan Gods • Botticelli’s Birth of Venus • Giotto adds emotionality • Masaccio uses perspective and proportion • Realism • 1420s in Florence • Perspective and Proportionality (Masaccio) • Commissions start w/ guilds, ultimately princely courts

27. Renaissance Art • New: landscape painting and portraiture • Northern Europe: Oil-based paint • Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden • Women are not included (except Artemisia Gentileschi) • Mannerism: Titian; distortion and exaggeration to convey drama and emotion

28. QUIZ over Chapter 13: European Society in the Age of the Renaissance • DBQ on page A-10 to A-12 • Complete this over the weekend • We will peer edit, review and revise in class on Tuesday • You will then have the opportunity to re-write it if you choose before I grade it • Focus on thesis, point of view and grouping

29. Society and Culture • What were the key social hierarchies in Renaissance Europe, and how did ideas about hierarchy shape people’s lives? • Race, People, and nation used interchangeably • Class not used but social distinctions based on wealth were common • Basic medieval social order remained

30. Social Hierarchies • Built on those of Middle Ages and evolved into modern social hierarchies of race, class and gender • Hierarchy based on function in society (order) vs. wealth • Within hierarchy of order, wealthy commoner is lower than poor nobility • New types of elite based on political and marital alliances • Wealthy merchants emerged in towns as top of hierarchy of wealth

31. Debates about Women • Debates about women • Character, intellect, nature, type of education they receive • Virtous wife and domestic ideal even though many women worked (Much less pay) • Role of Elizabeth I of England and Isabella of Castile? • Social rank or gender more important? • Devious or loyal? • Subordinate to men

32. PRINTING PRESS • Developed in Germany in 1440s by Johann Gutenberg • Expanded market for reading materials • Increase in urban literacy • Development of primary schools • Opening of more universities • Print shops were gathering places for people interested in new ideas • Stimulated the literacy of laypeople • Most important invention ever?

33. Slavery • Black slaves coming to Europe in 15th century, also had white slaves • 1530 – Portuguese sold 4K-5K each year to Seville, Barcelona, Marseilles, and Genoa • In some cities, slaves and free blacks made up 10% of population • In Western Europe, free blacks worked in virtually all occupations and even intermarried with Spanish in Iberian Peninsula

34. European Politics • Within your group, create a family tree of your assigned country. Include dates that people ruled, how they came to power, and include any specific information regarding Europe at this time. • Work to complete the chart provided • Political leaders • State of the Economy • Social Issues • Important Institutions • State of Religion • Key Terms

35. Sample FRQs • As a group, discuss the three sample FRQ’s in your AP Euro Study Guide • To what extent and in what ways may the Renaissance be regarded as a turning point in the Western intellectual and cultural tradition? • Discuss how Renaissance ideas are expressed in the Italian art of the period, referring to specific works and artists. • Explain the ways in which Italian Renaissance humanism transformed ideas about the individual’s role in society.