1. Chapter 2- The Ocean Environment!!!!!

2. Review of Terms!!!!!! • Abiotic-> non-living organisms • Biotic-> All living things • Ecosystems-> made up of all biotic and abiotic factors • Habitat-> specific place where an organism is found • Microhabitat-> mini habitats (sand granules) • Homeostasis-> maintaining equilibrium / balance

3. Abiotic!!!!!!!!!!!!

4. Biotic!!!!

5. Ecosystems

6. Habitat

8. Microhabitats

9. Homeostasis

10. Homeostasis with Marine Organisms • Problems: • Death • Fail to reproduce

11. Optimal Range

12. What happens if an organism lives outside its optimal range? • Death • Failure to reproduce • Can’t maintain homeostasis

13. Physical Characteristics of the Marine Environment • Sunlight • Temperature • Salinity • Pressure • Nutrients • Wastes

14. Sunlight

15. Sunlight • Photosynthesis-> Energy for all life • Aids in Vision-> avoid predators, capture prey, and communicate • Darkness-> rely on other senses, taste / smell

16. Phytoplankton-> largest photosynthetic organism. • Microscopic, plantlike and bacteria that float in ocean currents. They thrive on sunlight and nutrients so if the water is cloudy they won’t survive. • Example-> North Atlantic plankton has to live in the shallows because sunlight can only penetrate about three feet or one meter. • South Pacific= 200 meters or 600 feet

17. Sunlight and the Shoreline • Excessive sunlight = intense heat= desiccation (drying out) • Algae suffers pigment destruction when exposed to too much sunlight which limits their ability to photosynthesize.

18. Temperature

19. Ectotherms!!!! • Obtain body heat from their surroundings • Examples-> fish and crabs

21. Endotherms • Regulate body temperature from the inside because of its metabolism (generates heat internally / lots of fat) • Examples-> mammals and birds

23. Tidal Pools and Temperature • Exposed to high and low tide • Drastic changes in temp. from hot days to very cold nights. • Organisms have to adapt quickly • Fish kills

24. Fish Kills!!!!

27. Salinity

28. Defined as : • The amount of the concentrated dissolved inorganic salts in the water.

29. Most organisms membranes are permeable (things can pass through the skin) • Not permeable to everything- selective • In order to maintain homeostasis there needs to be a balance between water and solutes • When a solute cannot move across the membrane osmosis takes over (H2O goes from areas of high concentration to low concentration)

30. Example • In the open ocean spider crabs cannot regulate the salt concentration of their body fluids because their bodies absorb water and salt. • Bays, estuaries, and tide pools are really affected because of evaporation. Water evaporates but the salt remains highly concentrated. • Fiddler Crab-> able to adjust the salt content of their body tissues by regulating salt and water retention.

31. Pressure • Water is denser than air • The deeper you go the more pressure you feel • Know that the human body is mostly water, and that in recreational diving, water pressure will be felt in the air spaces of the body (lungs, sinuses and ear canals). • 10 meters=33 feet=1 atm=14.7 pounds per square inch • 3,700 meters= 370 atm = 2.7 tons

32. Decompression Sickness- do not put in notes • Build up of nitrogen bubbles in the body- Breathe in 79% • Dive-> pressure increases in and around our body->nitrogen becomes absorbed in our body tissues • When it reaches saturation that’s when you have a problem because the pressure needs to be released

33. Ascend slowly with frequent “decompression stops” every 10-20 feet. This allows for the built up of nitrogen to slowly exit the body. • If you do not do this-> nitrogen bubbles build up in the body • The bubbles must normally be on the arterial side of the circulatory system to be harmful - they are usually harmless on the venous side. • There are many different types. Do Not put in notes

34. Do Not put in notes • Extreme Fatigue • Joint and Limb Pain • Tingling • Numbness • Red Rash on Skin • Respiratory Problems • Heart Problems • Dizziness • Blurred Vision • Headaches • Confusion • Unconsciousness • Ringing of the Ears • Vertigo • Stomach Sickness

36. Metabolic Requirements

37. Nutrients • Not just food but also organic and inorganic materials.

38. Seawater • Alone produces nitrogen (no plants=low nitrogen) and phosphorus which phytoplankton and plants need • Calcium-> corals, shells, skeletons, and crustaceans

40. Oxygen • By-product o photosynthesis • Life evolved in lack of a free oxygen environment so when it entered it was probably harmful (like pollutants and chemicals are to organisms now) • Allowed environment that would allow evolution of multicellular organisms

41. Oxygen dissolves at or near surface • Waters ability to dissolve oxygen comes from temperature and salinity • Cooler/ less salty water= more oxygen • Warm / saline water= less oxygen

42. Anaerobic • Survive and thrive without oxygen • Deep Sea • Salt marshes • Sand / mud flats

43. Deep Sea Isopod

46. Aerobic Organisms • Plant, Algae, animals, marine microbes • Need oxygen for survival

47. Marine Microbes