Class 12 Optimism II

1. Class 12Optimism II

2. Self Efficacy Robt. Bandura

3. Efficacy, Stress, and Immunocompromise Background: Animals exposed to stressor (shock) Group A: Believes has control Group B: Believes has NO control Outcome: Opioids in system Which animals produce MORE opioids? Group B--No Control

4. Efficacy, Stress, and Immunocompetence Stress --> ______ path --> ______ stim --> _____ --> opiods How do opioids affect immune system? ____________ Thus, less control --> ___more stress OR ___ less stress --> ___more opioids OR ___ less opioids --> ___ Immunocompetence OR ___ Immunocompromise cortisol ACTH adrenal depress it X X X

5. Physiology of Stress 1.SAM: Sympathetic-adrenomedullary Event  cortex  hypothalamus  SNS  adrenal medulla   catecholamines  charged feeling increased BP, HR, etc. SAM Corresponds to Cannon's stress model 2. HPA: Hypothlamic-pituitary-adreocortical Event  cortex  hypothalamus  coritcotrophin releasing factor (CRF)  pituitary adrencorticotropic hormone (ACTH)  adrenal cortex corticosteriods conserves carbos  reduces inflammation HPA corresponds to Selye's stress model

6. Evidence that Efficacy Moderates Stress --> Illness Connection in Humans Bandura, Cioffi, Taylor, & Brouillard, 1988 Predicted model: Failure  Low stress  opioids  less pain  (immunocompromise) Efficacy Four groups: 1. Success, pain, opioid blocker 2. Success, pain, no opioid blocker 3. Failure, pain, opioid blocker 4. Failure, pain, no opioid blocker

7. Efficacy Manipulation High Efficacy Group (2 X 7 + 15) (9 X 8 - 12) (73 - 15 X 3) At own pace Low Efficacy Group (2 X 7 + 15) (9 X 8 - 12) (73 - 15 X 3) At preset, and difficult, pace Change in self-perceived math efficacy

8. Psychological Effects of Math-Test Manipulation High Efficacy Condition Low Efficacy Condition

9. Opiate Blockage Purpose: If stress increases opiates, and opiates reduce pain, then ___High efficacy OR ___ Low efficacy condition will have higher pain thresholds (i.e., be better able to withstand pain longer)? HOWEVER, if opiates are blocked, which group should have higher pain thresholds, ____ High efficacy OR ___ Low efficacy? X X To show this, need to block opiates to some subjects Naloxone: Opiate antagonist; 100% effective Subs get Naloxone or saline. Why saline?

10. Experiment Design and Predictions Saline Naloxone (Placebo) (Opiate Blocker) High Efficacy (easy math/success) Low Efficacy (difficult math/failure) Moderate Moderate Low Tolerance High Tolerance Pain Tolerance (How Long Can Keep Hand in Freezing Water)

11. Evidence that Efficacy Moderates Stress --> Illness Connection in Humans Bandura, Cioffi, Taylor, & Brouillard, 1988

12. Health Outcomes Questions 1. Compared to most other college students, what is your risk of an alcohol- related injury? 2. Compared to most other college students, what is your risk of getting into a car accident?

13. Risk of Alcohol Injury, Compared to Most Students n = 48 Mean = 2.46 Median = 2.00 Mode = 1 SD = 1.64

14. Denial and Coping Psychological defense: Minimize or deny existence of threat Is denial good or bad? Good* _______ Early in crisis _______ Chronic (ongoing) Bad On-going denial can stop people from taking necessary action. NMAD = Near Miss Asthma Death Who denies more: ___ Asthmatics who experienced NMAD ___ Regular Asthmatics ___ Non Asthmatics X * Sometimes

15. Denial Among NMAD Survivors, “Regular” Asthmatics, and Non-Asthmatics Yellowlees & Ruffin, 1989

16. Denial and Health Indices Among NMAD Survivors with or without Pre-existing Psychological Problems Yellowlees & Ruffin, 1989 GHQ = Gen. Health Quest’aire MHQ = Mental Health Quest’aire QOL = Quality of Life Hypervent = Hyperventilation Episodes

17. Evidence of Improved Marital Relations Following NMAD (????) “He has been less violent since the attack. He plays with me now by twisting my arm up my back as a joke rather than by badly bruising me”.

18. Optimists vs. Pessimists Optimists 1. Expect positive outcomes 2. Expect to cope with adversity Pessimists 1. Expect negative outcomes 2. Do not expect to cope with adversity

19. Pessimistic vs. Optimistic Attribution Styles A. Internal vs. External Cause B. Stable vs. Transitory Cause C. Global vs. Specific Cause

20. Optimistic and Pessimistic Explanatory Styles Success Failure Internal Cause Optimist Pessimist External Cause Pessimist Optimist Stable Cause Optimist Pessimist Transitory Cause Pessimist Optimist

21. Explanatory Causes and Styles I won the tennis match because my opponent wasn’t trying hard. ___Internal cause ___ External cause I lost my keys because I'm such a flake. ___Internal cause ___ External cause I showed up late for my date because Ididn’t plan far enough in advance.. ___ Stable Cause ___ Transitory Cause I showed up late for my date because I am so bad at planning. ___ Stable Cause ___ Transitory Cause My cholesterol went up because I’m not exercising. ___ Specific Cause ___ Global Cause My cholesterol went up because I’m a lazy slob. ___ Specific Cause ___ Global Cause X X X X X X

22. Optimism Measure Scheier, M.F., Carver, C.S., & Bridges, M.W. (1994)

23. Kurt Lewin: Morale, Not Simply Optimism Hope Diagnosed with heart disease risk I will improve heart health Morale Diagnosed with heart disease risk I’ll sign up at a gym I’ll change diet I’ll meet MD every 3 mos I will improve heart health

24. C. Synder "Hope" Measure (Really a Measure of Morale) P _____ 1. I can think of many ways to get out of a jam. A _____ 2. I energetically pursue my goals. F _____ 3. I feel tired most of the time. P _____ 4. There are lots of ways around any problem. F _____ 5. I am easily downed in an argument. P _____ 6. I can think of many ways to get the things in life that are most important to me. F _____ 7. I worry about my health. P _____ 8. Even when others get discouraged, I know I can find a way to solve my problem. A _____ 9. My past experiences have prepared me well for my future. A _____10. I've been pretty successful in life. F _____11. I usually find myself worrying about something. A _____12. I meet the goals that I set for myself. -------------------------- A = Agency F = Filler P = Pathways