CRM 1203 CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

1. CRM 1203CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Presentation 2: Introduction to CRM Presented by MohdAmirul for AMC

2. Learning Outcomes • By the end of this session, we should be able to: • Realize the need of CRM training in aviation • Understanding the basic concept of CRM • Understanding the role of crew in CRM • Understanding the concept of error chain • List the elements in the CRM • Identify the resource in CRM Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

3. Before we proceed lets take a look to several major aircraft disasters…. Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

4. United Airlines Flight 173December 28, 1978 • Results of a relatively minor landing gear problem, a United Airlines DC-8 was in a holding pattern while awaiting landing at Portland, Oregon. • Although the first officer knew the aircraft was low on fuel, he failed to express his concerns convincingly to the captain. The plane ran out of fuel and crashed, killing 10. Presented by MohdAmirul for AMC

5. Tenerife airport disasterMarch 27th 1977 • The KLM B747 Captain initiated a takeoff without permission while the Pan Am B747 aircraft was using the runway to taxi out for landing. • Confusion over instructions and a blockage of radio transmissions contributed to the crash. • With a total of 583 killed, this accident remains the deadliestaccident in aviation history. Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

6. Charkhi Dadri Mid-air CollisionNovember 12, 1996 • An Ilyushin IL-76 cargo plane from Kazakhstan collides in midair with a Saudia 747 near Delhi, India. • Kazakh crew had disobeyed instructions. • Kill all 349 peoples onboard. • Deadliest mid-air collision in aviation history. Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

7. As a result of some major air disasters, the concept of cockpit resource management, now called Crew Resource Management (CRM), was born. Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

8. The Fact!!! • In the 1970's investigators discovered that more than 70%of air crashes involve human error in a culture and work environment in the cockpitrather than failures of equipment or weather. Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

9. Percent of Accidents with Known Causes Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

10. Change of Cause of Accidents over Time Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

11. Human Error • NASA research on the human error causes of air transport accidents: • Interpersonal Communications • Decision Making • Leadership Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

12. Today, with crew performance the most significant threat to aviation safety, the industry has responded with an ambitious program to support effectivecrewcoordination and performance: Crew Resource Management training Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

13. CRM History • Originated from a NASA workshop in 1979 that focused on improving air safety. • The workshop on “Resource Management on the Flight Deck” and the study of flight crew performance in a B747 simulator started the process. • Now, CRM training for crew has been introduced and developed by aviation organizations including major airlines and military aviation worldwide. Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

14. What is CRM? • Management system (Non-Technical Knowledge) which makes optimum use of all available resources (equipment, people, and others) to promote safety and enhance the efficiency of flight operations Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

15. Resources of CRM Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

16. Elements of CRM Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

17. Objectives of CRM 1. OPTIMIZE HUMAN PERFORMANCE 2. REDUCE HUMAN ERROR Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

18. Why CRM? • CRM training can enhance the ability to prevent and/or manage flight crew errors, and in maintaining continuity in flight crew performance of duties Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

19. Who is the Aircrew/Flight crew ?? Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

20. Aircrew are the personnel who operate an aircraft while in flight. • The composition of the crew depends on the type of aircraft as well as the purpose of the flight Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

21. Role of Crew Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

22. Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

23. The Error Chain • In aviation “error chain” is a term referring to the concept that many contributing factors typically lead to an accident (mishap) • Should any of the links be “broken,” then the mishap probably will not occur • It is up to each crewmember to recognizea link and break the error chain. Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

24. Now please take a look the good example when CRM is applied…. Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

25. US Airways Flight 1549January 15, 2009 • Flight crew reported that the aircraft had struck a flock of birds, and that both engines had failed. • Successfully ditched in the Hudson River. • All 155 survive. • This accident is the example of: • Good teamwork: practicing by all air crew in handling the difficult situations. • Good communication: among pilot, ATC & Ground crews to bring the aircraft to emergency landing and evacuation • Good decision making: done by pilot to solve the problems. Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

26. Conclusion • Commercial aviation in fact is one of the safest forms of transportation. . Anyone who is involved with the aircraft’s mission, anyone who is part of the crew, has his/her own role to play in CRM. Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

27. Continue… • Aviation observer has projected that this industry focus on crew performance has the potential to doublesystem safety. • CRM training is the regulatory component of the United Nations that required for all 185 countries by ICAO. Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

28. Aviation in itself is not inherently dangerous. But to an even greater degree than the sea, it is terribly unforgiving of any carelessness, incapacity or neglect. Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

29. Key Points • Definition of CRM • Objectives ofCRM • Resources in CRM • Importance of CRM training • RoleandGoal of Crew in CRM • Elements of CRM • Error Chain Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

30. References • Driskell, E. Adams, J. (1992). Crew resource management: an introductory handbook. Washington DC. • (2006). CAA CAP 737 Crew Resource Management Training • http://www.airdisaster.com Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

31. End of Presentation #1Q/A session Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

32. Task • Please do some research and find out the caused of these accidents and relate them with human error: • United 727 at Salt Lake City: November 11, 1965 Crash during landing • Eastern L-1011 in Florida: December 29, 1972 Crash during approach • UAL Flight 173 near Portland: December 28, 1978 Crash during approach • Saudi Arabian Airlines L1011 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: August 19, 1980 Crash during take-off • Air Florida 737 in Washington, D.C. : January 13, 1982 Crash shortly after take-off • Air Canada DC-9 at Cincinnati International Airport : June 2, 1983 Crash while cruising at 33000 feet • Air Ontario Fokker 28 at Dryden : March 10, 1989 Crash • American Airlines Flight 965 near Cali: December 20, 1995 Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC

33. Quote of the Day Man must rise above the Earth—to the top of the atmosphere and beyond—for only thus will he fully understand the world in which he lives. — Socrates Presented by Mohd Amirul for AMC