1 / 24

Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning. Unit 3- Module 15 notes. Operant Conditioning. Definition: A type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior Developed from an idea known as the Law of Effect

sven
Télécharger la présentation

Operant Conditioning

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Operant Conditioning Unit 3- Module 15 notes

  2. Operant Conditioning • Definition: • A type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior • Developed from an idea known as the Law of Effect • Behaviors with favorable consequences will occur more frequently • Behaviors with unfavorable consequences will occur less frequently

  3. Operant Conditioning • Reinforcement • Any consequence that increases the future likelihood of a behavior • Punishment • Any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior • The LEARNER determines if a consequences is a reinforcement or a punishment!

  4. Operant Conditioning • A student skips class because she doesn’t really like school. As a result, she is suspended. • Is this a punishment or a reinforcement?

  5. Operant Conditioning • Reinforcement- two types • Positive reinforcement • Anything that increased the likelihood of a behavior by following it with a desirable event or state • Example: pay for grades

  6. Operant Conditioning • Negative Reinforcement • Anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with the removal of an undesirable event or state • Negative DOES NOT mean “bad”- it means that something is being “subtracted” • Example- taking aspirin for a headache • Since the headache goes away, then the behavior of taking aspirin is negatively enforced

  7. Operant Conditioning • A child throws a tantrum in a store because he wants some candy. Mom buys the child candy and the tantrum stops • The end of the tantrum negatively reinforced the mother’s behavior of buying candy.

  8. Operant Conditioning • Immediate vs Delayed Reinforcement • Taking Meth produces a high in the short term (immediate reinforcement)- the long term effects include loss of pleasure, insomnia, paranoia, aged skin, loss of teeth, and increases the likelihood of stroke, brain damage, and death (delayed reinforcement) • Immediate Reinforcement can be more powerful, but delayed reinforcement can be more gratifying in the long run

  9. Operant Conditioning

  10. Operant Conditioning • Primary vs Secondary Reinforcement • Primary • Something that is naturally reinforcing (food if you are hungry, for example) • Secondary • Something that you have learned to value • Is money a primary or secondary reinforcer? • Secondary- by itself, it has no value. But we have learned that we can spend it for things that we desire

  11. Operant Conditioning • Punishment- 2 forms • Positive punishment: behavior leads to something undesirable • Example: touching a hot stove burn your hand, decreases likelihood that you’ll touch the stove again

  12. Operant Conditioning • Negative Punishment: the behavior ends something desirable • Example: Getting caught sneaking out of the house and having cell phone taken away

  13. Operant Conditioning • Problems with punishment • May not end the desire to engage in the behavior • If you get caught cussing in the hallway and are given a detention, will you never cuss again? • May lead to fear and anxiety • Overly harsh parenting may lead to run-aways

  14. Operant Conditioning • What makes punishment effective? • Usually most effective when used as little as possible

  15. Operant Conditioning • Shaping • Reinforcing behaviors that are similar to a behavior that you want to teach • Example: learning to ride a bike

  16. Operant Conditioning • Just like in Classical Conditioning, we can observe discrimination and extinction in Operant Conditioning • Discrimination- getting up to leave a classroom when the bell rings, but not getting up to leave when the intercom tones go off • Extinction- if the mother of the tantrum throwing toddler does NOT give the child candy, then the child will eventually stop throwing tantrums

  17. Operant Conditioning • Schedules of reinforcement • Continuous Reinforcement- reward follows every correct response (example: child gets $1 every morning he makes his bed) • Most useful for teaching new behaviors • Behavior can be extinguished quickly- why? • Constant rewards are needed and EXPECTED

  18. Operant Conditioning • Partial Reinforcement • Reward only follows some correct responses- not all • Example: lottery • 2 categories (4 types) • Interval schedules- focus on time that elapses • Ration schedules- focus on number of responses

  19. Operant Conditioning • Fixed-Interval Schedule • Rewards only the 1st correct response after some defined period of time has passed • Example: Mr Wood’s Monday quizzes! • Reinforced (grade), behavior (studying), fixed-interval (once a week)

  20. Operant Conditioning • Variable-Interval Schedule • Rewards the first correct response after an unpredictable amount of time has passed • Example- attendance quizzes in college courses

  21. Operant Conditioning • Fixed-Ratio Schedule • Reward only after a certain number of correct responses • Example: Qdoba, Rainsing Canes rewards cards

  22. Operant Conditioning • Variable- Ratio Schedule • Rewards an unpredictable number of correct responses • Example: Lottery, Slot machines, gambling

More Related