The Theory of Evolution

1. The Theory of Evolution Chapter 15 Hickox: Baker High School

2. Charles Darwin and Natural Selection 1) The theory of evolution is the fundamental concept in biology…… Evolution describes the theory of change in populations over time, not individual species. 2) Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) 3) Fossils shaped ideas: Why have some species become extinct? 4) How are extinct species and modern species related, if they are? 5) Darwin spent years studying and a trip to Galapagos Islands and wrote “On the Origin of the Species” Hickox: Baker High School

3. Artificial and Natural Selection 6) Darwin observed breeding organism with a certain trait produced offspring with identical traits. This is called artificial selection. 7) Examples: 8) Darwin decided that there must be a similar process in nature. He called this natural selection. Hickox: Baker High School

4. Darwin argued that Successful (adaptive) genotypes become more common in subsequent generations, that leads to increase in fitness (9) which is the increase in the ability to survive) Hickox: Baker High School

5. (10) Natural selection: organism with favorable traits are able to reproduce and pass their traits on to their offspring. 11) Those without favorable traits are more likely to die and those with the favorable trait would be favored. Which moths are more likely to survive? Light moths Dark moths Light tree Dark trees Hickox: Baker High School

6. Charles Darwin and Natural Selection Fossils Shaped Darwin’s Ideas • Darwin and Scientist wondered how fossils formed and why many fossils species were extinct. 12) What kinds of relationships might exist between the extinct and modern species? Hickox: Baker High School

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8. Darwin on HMS Beagle 13) At 22 took job as naturalist on English ship. (5 year scientific journey) 14) Collected biological and fossil specimens • Became curious about possible relationships among species…foundations of theory of evolution and Natural Selection Hickox: Baker High School

9. Evidence for Evolution 15) An adaptation is any variation that aids an organism’s survival in its environment. Examples of adaptations 16) Mimicry:occurs when one species looks like another species. A harmless species takes on the look of a dangerous species. Predators avoid the harmful and harmless species. Both benefit. Hickox: Baker High School

10. Mimicry Is An Outcome of Predator-Prey Interactions If a potential prey species develops an effective defense system, other unprotected prey species may come to mimic the protected species. The stinging yellow jacket and its harmless mimic, the clearwing moth. Hickox: Baker High School

11. Mimicry Disturbed hawkmoth larva. Snake Hickox: Baker High School

12. 17) Camouflage:an adaptation that enables species to blend with their surroundings Video- Praying Mantis Hickox: Baker High School

13. Camouflage in the Anglerfish Hickox: Baker High School

14. Video: Whale fossils 18) Other evidence: Fossils: • Paleontologist conclude from fossils that the ancestors of whales were probably land-dwelling, doglike animals, but the record is incomplete. They do not have all the fossils for all the changes but still draw conclusions as to the overall picture. Hickox: Baker High School

15. Structurally Similarities (19) Homologous Structures: The anatomy of different organism show similar patterns. Some believe these structural features show common origin. Hickox: Baker High School

16. 20) Bird and butterfly wings are not similar in structure, but they are similar in function (what they do - Function). 21) The body parts of organism that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function are called analogous structures. Hickox: Baker High School

17. 22) Vestigial structure: • A body structure in a present-day body organism that NO longer serves its original purpose, but was probably useful to an ancestor. Examples: 23) eyes of blind mole-rats are vestigial 24) cave fish are vestigial 25) flightless birds (ostrich) 26) pelvic bones in whales 27) an adult python pelvic legs can be seen Hickox: Baker High School

18. Adaptive radiation (Beak type) 28) Is a type of Divergent evolution in which ancestral species evolve into a variety of species that fit diverse habitats. (Galapagos Islands) Hickox: Baker High School

19. Darwin’s Finches- Adaptive Radiation Hickox: Baker High School

20. 29) These finches, better known as 'Darwin's Finches' illustrated adaptive radiation. This is where species all deriving from a common ancestor have over time successfully adapted to their environment via natural selection. • Previously, the finches occupied the South American mainland, but somehow managed to occupy the Galapagos islands, over 600 miles away. They occupied an ecological niche with little competition. Hickox: Baker High School

21. Bird Beak Adaptation Curlew: Long downward curved beak to probe shores for worms in the sediment Brown Creeper: Thin bill curves down to probe under bark Cardinal, Gross Beak: Beak is used as a nut cracker to crack open nuts and seeds Hickox: Baker High School

22. Bird Beak Adaptation Heron: spear like bill for spearing fish and frogs. Eagle: Short stout beak, hooked upper jaw for tearing flesh. Flamingo: short downward snout for separating mud and silt from shellfish and algae to eat Hickox: Baker High School

23. A. B. C. D. Hickox: Baker High School

24. Bird Beak Adaptation Duck Merganser: Flat Sieve like bill for drinking and catching fish Pelican: large bill with a stretchable pouch for holding fish caught under water. Hummingbird. Uses long bill to dipping in flowers and sipping nectar Hickox: Baker High School

25. Bird Beak Adaptation Woodpecker: uses its beak like a drill to bore holes in bark to get at the insects Spoonbill: to shovel small fish and crustacean from the mud Skimmer: use lower jaw to skim water to scoop fish from the water. Hickox: Baker High School

26. Hibernation: • Some mammals, such as bats and chipmunks, and a few other types of animals go into a deep sleep during parts of the winter months. • state in which body temperature drops substantially • oxygen consumption decreases • breathing rates decline to a few breaths per minute • Conserves __________, energy Hickox: Baker High School

27. Hibernators Hickox: Baker High School

28. Migration: • Instinctive, seasonal movement of animals. • In North America, about 2/3 of birds species fly south in fall to areas such as South America. • Migration generally occurs to places where breeding occurs in the summer • Migration occurs to where food is available during the winter • Whales migrate seasonally • Migration might be responding to colder temperatures and shorter days Hickox: Baker High School

29. Migration Hickox: Baker High School

30. Migration Hickox: Baker High School

31. Migration Hickox: Baker High School

32. Continental Drift and Geographic Isolation • The theory that Africa and South America slowly drifted apart and were once a single landmass. • The monkeys on the two continents, although similar have many genetic differences. This is called geographic isolation. Occurs whenever a physical barrier such as a river divides a population; results in individuals of the population no longer able to mate- this can lead to new species Hickox: Baker High School

33. Figure 25.3 Earth’s crustal plates and plate tectonics (geologic processes resulting from plate movements)

34. Figure 25.3x1 Crustal plate boundaries

35. Figure 25.3x2 San Andreas fault

36. Figure 25.4 The history of continental drift

37. Figure 25.5 Diversity of life and periods of mass extinction

38. Figure 25.6 Trauma for planet Earth and its Cretaceous life

39. Figure 25.6x Chicxulub crater

40. Question 1 Which example BEST describes mimicry? A. Moving to a new location to obtain food B. Appearing to look like a different animal C. Catching prey with sharp teeth D. Keeping warm with thick fur B. Hickox: Baker High School

41. Question 2 Animals hibernate for many reasons. What is on reason animals would NOT hibernate? A. To conserve energy B. To avoid harsh climate conditions C. To locate prey D. To survive when food is hard to find C. Hickox: Baker High School

42. Question 3 Which statement describes how some animals may adapt to an environmental change? A. Urbanization causes some birds to mimic other birds. B. Deforestation causes some birds to change their beak shape. C. Natural disasters cause some mammals to hibernate. D. Seasons cause some mammals to change fur coloration. d. Hickox: Baker High School

43. Question 4 Study the two animals below. The hoverfly and the wasp have similar coloration and physical characteristics. However, only the wasp can defend itself by stinging potential predators. Which type of protective adaptation is demonstrated by the hoverfly? A. Stinger B. Mimicry C. Camouflage D. Counershading b. Hickox: Baker High School

44. Question 5 Which statement describes an organism’s behavioral adaptation? A. A chameleon changes its body coloring to blend into its environment B. An elk has four-chambered stomach to help digest the foods it eats. C. A shark has a light-colored belly and a dark top side to camouflage it in its habitat. D. A trumpeter swan has a sharp beak so it can dig for roots underwater. a. Hickox: Baker High School

45. Question 6 Study the picture below. For which activity is this bird’s beak best adapted? A. Tearing flesh B. Spearing fish C. Sipping nectar D. Chiseling wood C. Hickox: Baker High School

46. Question 7 Study the picture below. For which activity is this bird’s beak best adapted? A. Tearing flesh B. Spearing fish C. Sipping nectar D. Chiseling wood A. Hickox: Baker High School

47. Question 8 Study the picture below. For which activity is this bird’s beak best adapted? A. Tearing flesh B. Probing Shoreline for worms C. Sipping nectar D. Chiseling wood B. Hickox: Baker High School

48. Question 9 Study the picture below. For which activity is this bird’s beak best adapted? A. Spearing fish and frogs B. Probing Shoreline for worms C. Sipping nectar D. Chiseling wood A. Hickox: Baker High School

49. Question 10 • Study the picture below. For which activity is this bird’s beak best adapted? • Chiseling wood B. Shoveling and Scooping mud • C. Cracking nuts open D. Tearing flesh C. Hickox: Baker High School

50. Question 11 D. A walking stick is an insect that resembles a stick or branch of a plant. What is the BEST description of this protective adaptation? A. The walking stick is attracting a mate B. The walking stick is searching for food C. The walking stick is preparing for hibernation D. The walking stick is camouflaging itself from predators. Hickox: Baker High School