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The Endocrine System

The Endocrine System. By Julie & Jenna. Overall Function. Comprised of ductless glands that secrete hormones Hormones are “chemical messengers” that transfer information from one set of cells to another in order to coordinate the functions of body. Steroids Peptides Amines. Glands.

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The Endocrine System

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  1. The Endocrine System By Julie & Jenna

  2. Overall Function • Comprised of ductless glands that secrete hormones • Hormones are “chemical messengers” that transfer information from one set of cells to another in order to coordinate the functions of body. • Steroids • Peptides • Amines

  3. Glands • Hypothalamus • Center part of brain • Regulates Metabolism & body temperature • Somewhat controls pituitary gland with its “releasing hormone” • Pituitary • Base of brain, under the Hypothalamus (pea sized) • “Master Gland”; it produces hormones that cause the other glands to function properly • Split into the 2 lobes (anterior & posterior)

  4. Glands Cont’d • Thyroid • Front part of neck • Regulates metabolism, bone growth & nervous system development in children • Helps maintain normal blood pressure, heart rate, digestive patterns, muscle tone, and reproductive function • Parathyroid • 2 pairs embedded in the Thyroid • Regulates calcium levels in the blood as well as metabolism

  5. Glands Cont’d • Adrenal • Triangle shaped gland located stop each kidney • 2 main parts • Adrenal Cortex: outside of gland-corticosteroids (control metabolism, balance of body salt and water levels, and have an immune function) • Adrenal Medulla: inside of gland-catecholamine (control adrenaline, heart rate, blood pressure, and cope with stress

  6. Glands Cont’d • Reproductive • Sex-hormones • Male testes: testosterone • Female ovaries: estrogen & progesterone • Pineal • Middle of brain • Deals with the hormone Melatonin in order to regulate wake/sleep cycle

  7. Glands Cont’d • Pancreas • Behind the stomach, back of abdomen • Hormonal functions & aids digestion • 2 parts • Exocrine pancreas - secretes digestive enzymes • Endocrine pancreas - insulin & glucagons which regulate glucose levels in blood

  8. Glands Cont’d • Kidney • Lower abdomen, towards the back • Considered part of the endocrine system because they have some hormonal interactions with the adrenal glands & the rest of the body • Thymus • Upper chest behind the breastbone • 2 lobes which join in front of the trachea • Important immune function

  9. Diabetes • Body does not produce or properly use insulin • Hormone used to convert sugar, starches, etc into energy needed for daily life • Two types of tests • Fasting Plasma Glucose Test (FPG) • Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

  10. Pre-Diabetes • Blood Glucose Levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. • No symptoms • Treatment • Eat a healthy diet • Lose weight (5-10%) • Exercise

  11. Type 1 Diabetes • Body does not produce insulin • Children & young adults

  12. Type 1 Diabetes Cont’d • Symptoms • Increased thirst • Frequent urination • Weight loss • Extreme hunger • Fatigue • Blurred vision • Treatment • Insulin injections • No oral medication

  13. Type 2 Diabetes • Often hereditary • Obesity is a major factor • Most common • Adult-onset • Body doesn’t produce enough insulin or islet cells ignore the insulin

  14. Type 2 Diabetes Cont’d • Symptoms • Same as Type 1 + • Headaches • Slow healing cuts or sores • Frequent yeast infections • Itching • Numbness/tingling in hands & feet • Dark skin changes in neck, armpit, & groin • Treatments • Oral Medication • Insulin shots may have to be prescribed

  15. Gestational Diabetes • Occurs only during pregnancy • Placenta produces hormones which impair the action of insulin in the tissues • When blood sugar levels rise too high, it can effect the growth & development of the baby • No noticeable signs or symptoms but may cause increased thirst & urination • A doctor will address it

  16. Gestational Diabetes Cont’d • Treatments • Diet • Exercise • Medication • Insulin injections • Oral • Blood Sugar monitoring (4-5 times a day) • Draw blood from tip of finger & place on test strip & put into glucose meter

  17. Advancements in Diabetes Research • Comfort Curve strip by Accu-Check    • One Touch UltraSmart Meter • Stem Cell Research • Discovery of 6 new genes associated with the onset of type 2 diabetes • Europe, EURODIA & EUGENE2 projects • Reimplantation • Implantable insulin pump  

  18. Endocrine Disorders Cushing’s Syndrome • Exogenous & Endogenous • Causes: too much cortisol in the blood for an extended period of time • Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands (located above the kidneys) • In normal amounts, it helps the body convert fat to energy, maintain immune system function, maintain blood pressure and cardiovascular function, and respond to stress

  19. Cushing’s Syndrome Cont’d • Causes continued… • Exogenous-Occurs in patients taking cortisol-like medications. These meds are usually used to treat inflamfamatory disorders like asthma. It is temporary and goes away when the patient finishes the course of medication • Endogenous- Much rarer, caused by tumor(s) on the adrenal glands or the pituitary gland (at the base of the brain). These tumors produce too much cortisol

  20. Cushing’s Syndrome Cont’d • Effects: • Exogenous: Cushing’s will go away but if a person starts taking medications again for an issue like asthma, for example, it can start up again and thus medications must be taken • Endogenous: With surgery, the body’s production of ACTH drops two levels below normal. As compensation, patients take a synthetic form or cortisol. Some have to take this for 1-2 years while others must be on it for life.

  21. Cushing’s Syndrome Cont’d • Symptoms: • Weight Gain (especially in the upper body) • High blood sugar (diabetes) • High blood pressure (hypertension) • Thin bones (osteoporosis) • Muscle Loss • Purple/red stretch marks usually over the abdomen and under the arms) • Too much facial hair in women • Poor height growth and obesity in children • Weakness • Easily-bruised, fragile skin • Reduced sex drive • Inability to think clearly/depression

  22. Cushing’s Syndrome Cont’d • Treatments: Depends on the cause • Exogenous – When the patient slows down and eventually stops taking the cortisol-like medications, Cushing’s syndrome will go away • Endogenous – The first approach is usually to have surgery which will remove the tumor(s). If this isn’t successful, patients can undergo radiation therapy, or drugs to lower cortisol production, or the removal of the adrenal glands

  23. Endocrine Disorders Addison’s Disease • AKA Primary Adrenal Insufficiency • Causes: The adrenal glands (located at the top of each kidney) produce and insufficient amount of steroid hormones, despite having the right amount of ACTH, a hormone that tells the adrenal glands to release steroids • Effects: Treatments usually have to be continued for life.. As long as a person continues their dosage schedule, they can maintain a normal lifestyle.

  24. Addison’s Cont’d • Symptoms • Fatigue/Weakness • Loss of Appetite • Gastrointestinal problems (nausea, vomiting, etc) • Darkening of the skin on the face, neck and back of hands • Low blood pressure • A craving for salt (due to salt loss) • Dehydration • Sudden penetrating pain in the lower back, abdomen, or legs

  25. Addison’s Cont’d • Treatments • Replacing or substituting the hormones that the adrenal glands are not making. • Medication can be taken orally • Standard therapy included intravenous injections of hydrocortisone, saline (salt water), and dextrose (sugar)

  26. Citations • http://www.hormone.org/Resources/Adrenal/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&pageid=874 • http://www.hormone.org/endocrine_system_diseases.cfm • http://www.endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/addison/addison.htm#symptoms • http://www.endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/cushings/cushings.htm#treatment • http://www.diabetes.org/about-diabetes.jsp • http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/type-1 diabetes/DS00329/DSECTION=symptoms • http://www.endocrineweb.com/diabetes/1diabetes.html • http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/type-2-diabetes/overview.html • http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/gestational-diabetes/DS00316/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs • http://www.eubusiness.com/Health/diabetes-research-eu.1/

  27. More Citations • http://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/_bfs_ESmoviesource.html • http://www.med.howard.edu/physio.biophys/MILLIS%20HOME%20PAGE_files/endocrine%20lecture.ppt#293,22,feedbackloops/ • http://www.iwu.edu/~bkauth/330/330-5.PPT#256,1,THEendocrinesystem • www.barstow.edu/faculty/rstinson/Human%20Anatomy/Endocrine%20System.pdf • www.kidskonnect.com/content/view/337/27/ • www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookENDOCR.html • www.syvum.com/cgi/online/serve.cgi/online/serve.cgi/squizzes/biology/endo.html?question_hide • www.hormone.org/endo101

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