Masterclass 2

1. Masterclass 2 Stratford Grammar School for Girls July 12th, 2010

2. Programme for today Review of Masterclass 1 Class: analysing and describing a word Neologisms WebCorpLSEsearch tools (MG) Language change WebCorpLSE time graphs (AK) Demonstrating research method Class: Individual mini projects (ALL) Lexical and Phrasal creativity (if time) 

3. Review of Masterclass 1 1. definitions corpus corpus linguistics concordance/concordance lines collocation quiz discoveries

4. toll

5. toll

6. toll – definitions of its senses 1. 2. 3.

7. toll – definitions of its senses to ring slowly and recurrently (v) 2. a sum of money charged for maintenance (n) 3. loss or damage caused by accident, disaster, behaviour (n)

8. toll – definitions of its senses to ring slowly and recurrently (v) church bells toll 2. a sum of money charged for maintenance (n) motorway toll charges 3. loss or damage caused by accident, disaster, behaviour (n) this has taken a huge toll on me

9. mole

10. mole

11. mole – definitions of its senses 1. 2. 3.

12. mole – definitions of its senses spy (n) 2. small, burrowing mammal (n) 3. a mark or growth on the skin (n)

13. mole – definitions of its senses spy (n) a mole within the KGB 2. small, burrowing mammal (n) apparently blind like a mole 3. a mark or growth on the skin (n) the mole on your cheek

14. Class exercise: analysing and describing a word thin 1. for each line of concordance on your sheet: - write a synonym or paraphrase for thin - colour-code lines into similar senses

15. Class exercise: analysing and describing a word thin 2. put each category, with an example context, in the boxes on your sheet, to make a mini dictionary entry

16. Class exercise: analysing and describing a word thin 3. compare your description with the entry for thin from the Collins Cobuild Dictionary

17. Introducing Neologisms • neologism, neology – definition • some recent neologisms • affixes – definition • classes of word formation for these words

18. Neologism/Neology origin neologism Greek νέος (neos 'new') + λόγος (logos 'word') modern definitions neologism = new word, use or phrase neology = study (or phenomenon) of new words/word components/ phrases/new senses of existing words hapax, hapaxes (hapaxlegomenon/legomena) = word occurring once only; singleton

19. Classes of word formation The Independent, 9-12.95: total 9m wds manual analysis of 75,283 new wds

20. Some recent neologisms

21. proper noun neologisms (first occs) in April 2010 Zangief 3 a fictional character in a Street Fighter video game series Quickcut 7 a new system that checks files for compliance with a publication's criteria Pagestore 8 a new company utilising Amazon's servers to crawl the web Hotboxes 4 a guardian.co.uk 'hotbox‘, linked to pages of relevant editorial content Friis-Mikkelson 1 ‘actor Friis-Mikkelson was brought on board’ Eyjafjallajökull 61 Icelandic volcano Bigotgate16 Cleggmania 49

22. proper noun neologisms (first occs) in April 2010 Zangief 3 a fictional character in a Street Fighter video game series (IT innovation)Quickcut 7 a new system that checks files for compliance with a publication's criteria (IT innovation) Pagestore 8 a new company utilising Amazon's servers to crawl the web (IT innovation) Hotboxes 4 a guardian.co.uk 'hotbox‘, linked to pages of relevant editorial content (IT innovation) Friis-Mikkelson 1 ‘actor Friis-Mikkelson was brought on board’ (newcomer on international scene) Eyjafjallajökull 61 Icelandic volcano (real world event) Bigotgate16 (real world event) Cleggmania 49 (real world event)

23. ordinary word neologisms (first occs) in April 2010 infold 1 Sometimes her arms infold him like a band dotheycutit 1 no spaces poncho-themed 1 mullet-and-moustache 1 mullet-and-moustache combos pig-under-the-arm 1 a blatant pig-under-the-arm staple delivered in a cod Oirish blarney phnarr-phnarring 1 while phnarr-phnarring the performance Repub-a-lic 1 Oirland! Oirland! Repub-a-lic of Oirland! re-ablement 1 the bill will provide "re-ablement" services own-ups 1 candid and raw own-ups somethingorotherccino 1 a tea shop where I had a somethingorotherccino hit-and-dash1 a hit-and-dash schedule smile-by 1 such guileless traditions deemed way past their smile-by date?

24. ordinary word neologisms (first occs) in April 2010 infold 1 Sometimes her arms infold him like a band (obs) dotheycutit 1 no spaces (new orthography) poncho-themed 1 (derivation/compound) mullet-and-moustache 1 mullet-and-moustache combos (combination) pig-under-the-arm 1 a blatant pig-under-the-arm staple delivered in a cod Oirish blarney (combination) phnarr-phnarring 1 while phnarr-phnarring the impression (onomat) Repub-a-lic 1 Oirland! Oirland! Repub-a-lic of Oirland! (mock spch) re-ablement 1 the bill will provide "re-ablement" services (av.derivatn) own-ups 1 candid and raw own-ups(conversion) somethingorotherccino 1 a tea shop where I had a somethingorotherccino(blend) hit-and-dash1 a hit-and-dash schedule (creative variation) smile-by 1 such guileless traditions deemed way past their smile-by date? (creative variation)

25. Affix/Affixation definition affix = a language element added to a word to produce a derived (new lexical) or inflected (new grammatical) form prefix = affix at front of word suffix = affix at end of word - un in unreadableis a derivational prefix -able in unreadableis a derivational suffix - sin readsis an inflectional suffix

26. Common prefixes • hyper 475 • mock 451 • auto 449 • techno 442 • bio 438 • di 402 • dis 401 • tele 382 • bi 315 • arch 299 • trans 292 • e- 290 • pan 282 • proto 279 • extra 261 • per 258 poly 254 tri 250 em 235 psycho 235 down 230 retro 216 ur 215 cod 188 faux 180 mal 165 uni 163 mono 143 neuro 141 meta 134 intra 133 uber 124 out 1025 under 959 multi 866 mid 782 mega 669 pseudo 668 quasi 639 inter 635 cyber 610 ultra 593 micro 579 counter 522 en 512 mis 511 eco 506 neo 496 un 4591 non 4237 re 3253 ex 2773 anti 2701 over 2470 pre 2320 post 2192 de 1931 super 1889 euro 1702 mini 1480 pro 1279 semi 1268 co 1103 sub 1065

27. Common prefixes • hyper 475 • mock 451 • auto 449 • techno 442 • bio 438 • di 402 • dis 401 • tele 382 • bi 315 • arch 299 • trans 292 • e- 290 • pan 282 • proto 279 • extra 261 • per 258 poly 254 tri 250 em 235 psycho 235 down 230 retro 216 ur 215 cod 188 faux 180 mal 165 uni 163 mono 143 neuro 141 meta 134 intra 133 uber 124 out 1025 under 959 multi 866 mid 782 mega 669 pseudo 668 quasi 639 inter 635 cyber 610 ultra 593 micro 579 counter 522 en 512 mis 511 eco 506 neo 496 un 4591 non 4237 re 3253 ex 2773 anti 2701 over 2470 pre 2320 post 2192 de 1931 super 1889 euro 1702 mini 1480 pro 1279 semi 1268 co 1103 sub 1065

28. Productivity definition productivity/productive a word or affix is productive if it forms new words e.g. compounds, derivations, blends

29. Productivity of chavin 2004-2005

30. Productivity of cyber(-), faux(-), techno(-), uber(-)

31. Common suffixes ous 358 ship 345 ive 341 dom 315 ent 314 let 308 ment 301 ess 294ry 286ary 278ile 272ize 265ster 255ify 241 iana 212 athon 96 ion 672 ette 664 ville 605 ery 576 ard 561 wise 527 age 461 'd 457 ling 427 ade 412 ant 406 ese392 ty 382 gate 380 ful 373 fest364 type 1665 ist 1530 ise 1470 ism 1454 le 1432 or 1398 less 1183 able 1174 esque 1167 ee1146 ite 1000 ation 853 ine 825 est 818 ate 796 ity 764 's 38588 s 29312 er 9370 ed 5576 y 4526 ly 4252 ing 4168 like 3980 style 3672 en 3504 ness 2504 al 2218 ie 2105 ish 1987 ic 1972 ian 1945

32. Common suffixes • ous 358 • ship 345 • ive 341 • dom 315 • ent 314 • let 308 • ment 301 • ess 294ry 286ary 278ile 272ize 265ster 255ify 241 • iana 212 • athon 96 ion 672 ette 664 ville 605 ery 576 ard 561 wise 527 age 461 'd 457 ling 427 ade 412 ant 406 ese392 ty 382 gate 380 ful 373 fest364 type 1665 ist 1530 ise 1470 ism 1454 le 1432 or 1398 less 1183 able 1174 esque1167 ee1146 ite 1000 ation 853 ine 825 est 818 ate 796 ity 764 's38588 s29312 er9370 ed5576 y 4526 ly 4252 ing 4168 like 3980 style 3672 en 3504 ness 2504 al 2218 ie 2105 ish 1987 ic 1972 ian 1945

33. Productivity for (-)festand (-)athon

34. Watergate-gate

35. That must be the biggest scandal since Watergate-gate… Since what? Well you have to go all the way back to Watergate-gate… Watergate-gate? Isn't it just Watergate? No, that would mean it's about water. It's a scandal, or gate, add the suffix gate (that's what you do with a scandal) involving the Watergate Hotel, so it's called the Watergate Scandal, or Watergate-gate. But doesn't the term gate meaning a scandal come from Watergate? What, take the last 4 letters of a previous scandal or hotel and add them onto all future scandals? That can't be the system! I think it is. Well, what if there's a scandal about water? What do you call that? Well you'd call it ‘water-gate’ … umm … ‘aqua-gate’?

36. Introduction to WebCorpLSE search tools

37. Language change definitions chronology/ical= arranged in order of occurrence of events diachrony/ic= across time

38. WebCorpLSE time graphs to show change types

39. How to carry out a mini case-study • find a word or affix of interest • reflect on its nature in text • develop a small hypothesis about how you expect it to behave in the data • observe the word or affix in context • use a time-graph, if required, to throw light on areas of interesting change • describe findings • discuss findings

40. Mini study: chav • word of interest - chav 2. reflect on its nature in text - vogueish word, that came in to describe social type wearing Burberry accessories 3. develop a small hypothesis – appeared in 2007; will have become productive 4. observe the affix or word in context 5. request a time-graph 6. describe findings – e.g. – appeared and popular from - referred to social type wearing Burberry accessories - disparaging - began to produce derivations and compounds (classify) - began to show signs of creativity play on words - lost popularity by • discuss findings - hypothesis on productivity correct, but faded out again - reasons for this

41. Productivity of chavin 2004-2005

42. Contexts for chav,Guardian 2004-5 04.02 Chavs and chav-nots: the eternal divide. 05.02 A bickering chavocracy that marries in register offices 05.03 the tulip skirt becomes de rigueur at Pangaea or wherever chavistocrats hang out these days 05.05 our society is on the brink of collapse from a chavalanche of scary teenagers. 05.05 it seems pretty unlikely that the average chav-in-the-street is going to pick up a copy of Vogue at the local newsagent with their packet of fags 05.09 the polo-playing chavocrat who wears Nazi gear to a party and gets into a drunken brawl outside a nightclub 05.10 It's not simply a comedy for the chavs and chav-nots

43. Mini study: weapons of mass destruction • phrase of interest - weapons of mass destruction 2.reflect on its nature in text - term coined by Bush to justify Iraq war in 2002 3. develop a small hypothesis – appeared in 2002; will have become v productive 4. observe the affix or word in context 5. request a time-graph 6. describe findings – e.g. – appeared and popular from - referred to arsenal supposedly held by Iraqis - at once produced derivations/compounds (classify) - immediately made creativity play (classify) - lost popularity by • discuss findings - hypothesis about productivity correct; also creative- reasons for this

44. Preparing for mini case-study over the lunch break think of an aspect of language which you are curious to investigate: a word, affix, phrase, metaphor, grammatical point

45. Suggestions for mini case-study • new words – collocational patterns /change patterns – why? hoodie; NEET/neet, nerd, carbon footprint, blog, cowboy • blends staycation • euphemism/political correctness down-sizing, X-challenged, cashflow problem • words in sets, e.g. numbers, seasons – are they used equi-frequently in text; if not, why not? spring, summer, autumn, winter • synonyms – how similar are they in text? tsar, guru,supremo andpundit global warming vs. greenhouse effect • suffixes: -fest, -gate, -esque, -ee, -ery, -ati, -ard, -ese, -ify, -athon, -dom, -some, 'd • prefixes: mega-, cyber-, eco-, techno-, bio-, e-, retro-, cod-, faux-, uber-

46. Creativity definition lexical creativity • puns and other word play • metaphor • deliberate error • duplication of an existing formation used in journalism, literary prose or poetry, for • stylistic effects, e.g. humour or irony. • a sense of learnedness, sophistication, etc.

47. weapons of (mass) (destruction)Pattern of creativity 1: 20.02.03

48. Pattern of creativity 2: next day

49. Pattern of creativity 3: 28.02.02 - 29.05.04 weapons of mass * ( no destruction)weapons of mass photographyweapons of mass media (WMM) weapons of * destruction (no mass)weapons of ‘grass destruction’weapons of singing destruction weapons of * (no mass,nodestruction)weapons of math instruction

50. Creativity: demonstration of advanced wildcard search with WebCorpLSE IIphrases and proverbs:e.g. too many * * the *