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The Future of Cities: Dense of Dispersed? Symposium Introduction. Antony Wood CTBUH Executive Director AAAS Conference Chicago, February 2014. The Future of Cities. Moderators
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The Future of Cities: Dense of Dispersed? Symposium Introduction Antony Wood CTBUH Executive Director AAAS Conference Chicago, February 2014
The Future of Cities Moderators Antony Wood, Executive Director, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat / Associate Studio Professor, Illinois Institute of Technology John Ronan, John Ronan Architects / Professor, Illinois Institute of Technology Panelists Wiel Arets, Dean, College of Architecture, Illinois Institute of Technology William F. Baker, Structural Engineering Partner, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Francesca Birks, Senior Consultant, Foresight Team, Arup Virginia Parks, Associate Professor, School of Social Service Administration, University of Chicago Saskia Sassen, Robert S. Lynd Professor of Sociology, Columbia University
Tall Building Trend: An Increase in Height +12m +13% +13m +12% +68m +57% +26m +14% +28m +13% +42m +17% +36m +13% +62m +19% +36m +9% +25m +6% +10m +2% +56m +12% +320m +63% +39m +71% Incremental height changes in the World’s Tallest Buildings (as of April 2013)
Tall Building Trend: A Change in Location Tallest Buildings by Location (as of January 2014)
Tall Building Trend: A Change in Function Tallest Buildings by Function (as of January 2014)
Tall Building Trend: A Change in Material Tallest Buildings by Structural Material (as of January 2014)
Tall Buildings and Place: The Shortfall of Tall?
Tall Buildings & Sustainability – the Case ‘Against’ • Higher embodied energy in constructing at height – structure, materials etc. • Greater wind loading at height (impact on size of primary structure, façade design etc). • High energy consumption in operation – elevators, services etc. • Higher energy consumption for cleaning & maintenance e.g. replacement of façade joints • Energy consumption is a small % of total costs c.f. salaries etc – little incentive for owners • Implications of Power failure (impact on vertical circulation, safety etc). • Recycling potential / urban impact of demolition / disposal of materials after demolition. • Less net usable area to gross area and restrictions on internal planning; vertical core etc. • Anti-social internal environment – lack of open, recreational, communal space • ‘Sealed’ environments at height – thus requiring air conditioning, artificial lighting etc. • Safety and Security fears (especially post 9/11) – including safety during construction. • People suffering from vertigo – building occupation / human rights legislation • Impact on urban scale; cities that ‘don’t want’ to be tall & ground interface • Wind downdrafts / Overshadowing (solar rights / right to light) / Wind rights (ventilation?) • etc…………..
Transport and Urban Density Source: Newman, Peter and Jeffrey Kenworthy, Urban Design to Reduce Automobile Dependence, Opolis: An International Journal of Suburban and Metropolitan Studies: Vol. 2: No. 1, Article 3. http://repositories.cdlib.org/cssd/opolis/vol2/iss1/art3, (2006)
Tall Building Driver Four: Urbanization Source: United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Graphic: Paul Scruton
Tall Building Driver Six: Population Shifts • USA Pop. Growth / Immigration • 0.9% per annum (world average = 1.09%) • 0.9% x 3.2 million people = • 280,000 urban growth annually • Not equal across cities. Rust belt to Sun-belt, etc. Source: Brookings Institution
Shortfall 1: The Commercial Design Approach 1958. Seagram Building, New York, Mies van der Rohe & Philip Johnson
Shortfall 2: The Iconic -Sculptural Design Approach 2007. RAK Financial City, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE, Rakeen
The Extreme Iconic-Sculptural Design Approach: A Tall Building Menagerie?
A new Vernacular for the Skyscraper, for Cities? Future Tall Buildings should……… Relate to the physical characteristics of place Relate to the environmental characteristics of place Relate to the cultural characteristics of place Vary with height – in form, texture, scale (and program) – not be just vertical extrusions of an efficient floor plan Accommodate new and multiple functions – bringing all aspects of the city into the sky Provide significant communal, open, recreational space Maximize layers of usage on all systems and materials Introduce more facade opacity (and variation / texture) in skin/envelope Embrace organic vegetation as an essential part of the material palette Introduce physical, circulatory and programmatic connections – skybridges What is needed?....... A new regulatory, political / financial model for developing vertical cities
Design Principle 4: Tall Buildings should Vary with height – in form, texture, scale (and program) – not be just vertical extrusions of an efficient floor plan
Burj Khalifa, Dubai, 2010 SOM The environment changes with height too! +6 degrees in external air temperature at top of tower, compared to bottom
Design Principle 5: Accommodate new and multiple functions – bringing all aspects of the city into the sky
Conceptual Diagram Tall Building as “City in the Sky” 2006. “Vertical Farm”Paul Foster & Darran Oxley University of Nottingham
Design Principle 6: Tall Buildings should provide significant communal, open, recreational space
Commerzbank Frankfurt, Germany View of high-level sky garden Inward facing office
Design Principle 9: Embrace organic vegetation as an essential part of the material palette
Design Principle 10: Introduce physical, circulatory and programmatic connections – skybridges
1998 - Petronas Towers,Kuala Lumpur. Cesar Pelli
Marina Bay Sands Integrated Resort 2009. The Pinnacle @ Duxton Singapore ARC Studio
Marina Bay Sands Integrated Resort 2010. Marina Bay Sands Singapore Moshe Safdie Architects
What is needed?....... A new regulatory, political & financial model for urban development………
The horizontal 2-dimensional planning model flipped vertical into 3- Dimensions…….. Source: Pomeroy, J. (2009) “The Skycourt – A comparison of Four Case Studies,” CTBUH Journal, Issue I, p. 35.
