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Basic Chemistry

Basic Chemistry. Chapter 2. MATTER & ENERGY. Matter Anything that occupies space and can be weighed Chemistry examines the nature of matter Energy No mass Ability to do work Matter is the substance that is moved by energy. Matter. Building blocks: solid, liquid, gas

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Basic Chemistry

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  1. Basic Chemistry • Chapter 2

  2. MATTER & ENERGY • Matter • Anything that occupies space and can be weighed • Chemistry examines the nature of matter • Energy • No mass • Ability to do work • Matter is the substance that is moved by energy

  3. Matter • Building blocks: solid, liquid, gas • Physical change –nature of substance is unchanged • Chemical change –nature of substance is changed

  4. ENERGY • No mass • We measure the effect of energy on matter • Two types: Kinetic and Potential

  5. ENERGY • Forms: • Chemical -stored within bonds, released as heat • Electrical -movement of charged partials (e-) • Mechanical -direct movement of matter • Radiant -electromagnetic waves • Energy is converted from one form to another, any not used is released as heat.

  6. COMPOSITION OF MATTER • Elements • Atoms • Protons (p+) –positive charge • Neutrons(n0) –neutral or no charge • Electrons (e-) –negative charge • Opposites attract! http://www.chemicalelements.com/

  7. ELEMENTS OF THE HUMAN BODY

  8. ATOMS • Orbital Model –electron cloud • Atomic number –number of protons • Atomic mass –sum of all protons and neutrons • Isotopes –vary in number of neutrons • Radioisotopes –radioactivity, heavy isotopes

  9. CHEMICAL BONDS & REACTIONS • Molecules, Compounds, Reactions, OH MY! • Molecules =same • Compounds =different • Reactions =associations or dissociations of atoms • Bonds form between molecules and compounds • Energy relationships

  10. CHEMICAL BONDS • Bonds are energy relationships • Opposites attract while “like” or same repels • Role of electrons • Occupy fixed regions called electron shells or energy levels • Valence shell electrons participate in bonds

  11. ENERGY LEVELS

  12. ENERGY LEVELS • Valence Shells (energy levels) • Outer shell • If fewer than 8 electrons will try to: share, gain, lose

  13. ENERGY LEVELS

  14. CHEMICAL BONDS • Ionic –one atom gains electron and second loses • Covalent –electrons are shared between atoms • Hydrogen –form bridge between two electrically negative atoms

  15. CHEMICAL REACTIONS • Synthesis –larger molecule formed • Decomposition –larger molecule is degraded • Exchange –synthesis and decomposition; switch

  16. BIOCHEMISTRY • Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon atoms • Water, salts (electrolytes), acids and bases • Organic compounds contain carbon atoms • Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

  17. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS • Water –thermoregulatory, universal solvent, reactivity, cushioning, lubrication • Salts –cations other than H+, electrolytes • Acids –H+, proton donors • Bases –OH-, proton acceptors • pH –concentration of acid; [protons] pH 7 =1 x 10-7 pH2 =1 x 10-2 pH12 =1 x 10-12

  18. pH 7 =1 x 10-7=0.0000007 pH6 =1 x 10-6 =0.000006 pH1 =1 x 10-1 =0.1 pH14 =1 x 10-14 =0.000000000000014

  19. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS • Large, complex molecules • Functional groups are reactive parts • Monomers combine to form polymers • Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, ATP

  20. CARBOHYDRATES • “Hydrated Carbon” • Monosaccharides are building blocks • Disaccharides –double sugars • Polysaccharides –branching chains

  21. LIPIDS • More carbon & hydrogen than oxygen • Insoluble in water • Saturated or unsaturated • Triglycerides –fatty acids + glycerol • Phospholipids –contain phosphorus • Steroids –flat with interlocking rings

  22. PROTEINS • Amino acids are building blocks • Amine + acid group + functional group (R) • Most are complex in structure Tertiary Primary Secondary

  23. PROTEINS • Fibrous or Globular • Function depends on shape • Enzymes (end in –ase)

  24. NUCLEIC ACIDS • Building blocks are nucleotides • Code for genes • 5 types: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thyamine, uracil • Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) & Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

  25. ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE • Chemical energy • Adenine base + ribose sugar + 3 phosphates • Phosphate bonds are high energy

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