Industrial Revolution

1. Industrial Revolution Dawn of the Industrial Age Chapter 5, Section 1

2. Life Before the Industrial Revolution • People worked the land to earn their living • They lived in cottages illuminated by candlelight – no electricity!! • Made their own clothing (No malls) • Grew their own food • Did not travel beyond their village until Industrial Revolution (few roads) • Transportation, inventions, and growth of cities changed people’s lives

3. Video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h235t89WpYU Life Before the Industrial Revolution

4. New inventions of the 19th century Telegraph Anesthesia Sewing machine These inventions revolutionized 1) communication, 2) medicine/dentistry, and 3) clothing manufacturing.

5. New inventions of the 19th century Speed of light (physics) Introduction of antiseptic methods to reduce the risk of women dying in childbirth.

6. Skyscrapers and Suburbs Skyscrapers and suburbs all trace their origins to technological innovations of the Industrial Revolution.

7. Changes in Agriculture Led to the Industrial Revolution

8. Agriculture • New farming techniques led to industrial revolution • British farmers began experiments to improve soil quality because some crops depleted the nutrients in the soil • Improved soil led to abundant crops • Farmers experimented with crop rotation • Charles Townshend created a four-year crop rotation with rotations of wheat, barley, turnips, and clover

9. Charles Townshend Developer of the crop rotation technique.

10. Seed Drill • Prior to the Seed Drill, seeds were dropped on the ground by hand. This resulted in uneven crops that looked like “clumps” on the ground. • Jethro Tull invented the Seed Drill – a device that evenly spread the seed on the ground. • This improved the quality of the rows of crops (e.g., corn) Before After Seed Drill

11. Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill

12. Crop Rotation • Farmers had poor crop harvests because they planted the same crop year after year • Planting the same crop annually depleted the soil of essential nutrients • The system of crop rotation improved the soil quality • Farmers divided their fields into quadrants and planted a different crop in each quadrant • The farmer then “rotated” the crops, e.g, clockwise/counter-clockwise • Soil that was depleted by a crop in season 1 was replaced by a different crop in season 2, then season 3, and so on… The strategy behind crop rotation was that some crops depleted the soil and other crops replaced the soil in an alternating fashion.

13. Crop Rotation

14. Enclosure • Enclosure was the process of combining smaller farms (formerly shared by peasant farmers) into one LARGE farming operation • Farmland was “enclosed” together • This was more efficient and caused agricultural output to increase • Profits rose because fewer workers needed; it led to lower labor costs

15. Employment Effects of Enclosure • Fewer workers needed • Some farm workers lost their jobs • Small farmers cannot compete with large farms • Small farmers sell their land to large farmers • Unemployed farmworkers migrate to cities in search of work • Former farmworkers become the new factory workers

16. Why did population increase in Europe? • Changes in agricultural techniques led to more food production • Abundant food supplies reduced the risk of disease and death • More food = healthier people • Better hygiene and sanitation • Improved medical care slowed death from disease

17. New Technology Emerges • New sources of energy were used – coal, water, steam, iron • Coal was important power source • Steam engine invented by Thomas Newcomen

18. New Technology • James Watt made Newcomen steam engine more efficient • Watt partnered with Matthew Boulton to market the “Watt” Steam Engine (Watt a great invention!!) • Steam engine contributed to development of machinery, locomotives, and steamships

19. Iron • Coal was fuel source to produce iron • Quality iron was needed to produce industrial machinery • Abraham Darby used coal, not charcoal, to smelt (separate) iron from the ore • Better, less expensive, and stronger iron was produced leading to improved machinery • Darby built the world’s first iron bridge • Iron was used to construct railroads Uh, not this iron.

20. Powerpoint Questions (21 points) 1. How did people illuminate their homes before electricity? 2. Name the agricultural technique that improved farming production. 3. Who invented the seed drill? 4. What was the process of combining smaller farms into large farming operations? 5. Where did farmworkers migrate after losing their agricultural jobs? Why? 6. What sources of energy were used at the dawn of the industrial age? (4 points)

21. Powerpoint Questions 7. Who invented the steam engine? 8. Who improved upon and helped market the steam engine? 9. What did steam engines help to build? (3 points) 10. What was coal used to produce? 11. Who developed a technique to smelt iron from the ore?

22. Powerpoint Questions 12. What was the stronger iron used to construct? (2 points) 13. What invention revolutionized communication in the 19th century? 14. What discovery made surgical/dental procedures less painful 15. What tall buildings changed the landscape of urban areas?