1. Industrial Revolution

2. The Beginnings -Industrial Revolution refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s. -Industrial growth first started in Britain -Why Britain? -Labor - Britain had a large population of workers -Land - extensive natural resources -Large Market Available - Britain also had an expanding economy to support industrialization / Growing overseas trade -Industrialization – the process of developing machine production of goods -Capital - Britain had a highly developed banking system – bank loans to invest in new machinery -War of the French Revolution had destroyed a lot of Europe but not Britain -America became the first country to challenge Britain industrially

3. Textile Industry -Britain’s textile industry clothed the world in wool, linen and cotton -The textile industry was the first to be transformed -Cloth had been previously woven at home by hand -New Inventions: -Flying shuttle – 1733 by John Kay – a boat-shaped piece of wood to which yarn was attached – doubled the work a weaver could do in a day -Spinning Jenny – 1764 by James Hargreaves – named after his daughter – a spinning wheel that allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time - At first these new inventions were operated by hand -Richard Arkwright invented the water frame in 1769 – used waterpower from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels -Samuel Crompton – 1779 – made a machine that combined the features of the spinning jenny and the water frame = spinning mule -Factories develop near sources of waterpower -Production increases and prices decreased -Cotton Gin – Eli Whitney – increased the amount of cotton that could be cleaned -America’s production numbers -1790 – 1.5 million pounds -1815 – 85 million pounds

4. Improvements in Transportation -Watt’s Steam Engine – James Watt – 1765 -found a way to make the steam engine work faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel -Water Transportation –Robert Fulton -Ordered a steam engine from Watt -Built a steamboat called the Clermont -Led to more human-made waterways -Road Transportation – John McAdam - “macadam roads” – put a layer of large stones with a layer of smaller stones put on top so that wagon wheels wouldn’t get stuck in the mud -called turnpikes – travelers had to stop at tollgates (turnpikes) and pay the toll to continue on -Railroad – a steam engine on wheels -1821 – George Stephenson - world’s first railroad line – in Britain -Railroad tracks began to spread all over Britain -Spurred industrial growth, created new jobs, boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries, encouraged country people to take distant city jobs

5. Factories -Urbanization – the movement of people to cities -Factories Develop – develop in clusters -Largest cluster in England -London becomes Europe’s largest city with twice as many as the next one (Paris) -Hiring of women and children – cheaper labor -Living Conditions -The cities grew so quick that they didn’t have development plans, sanitary codes or building codes -No adequate housing, education or protection for the people that came in from the countryside -Trash was stacked up in the streets -Sicknesses spread -Average life span was 17 amongst the working class people in the city – compared to 38 in the country

6. Factories cont. -Working Conditions -factory owners wanted to keep their machines running as many hours as possible -14 to 18 hour workdays – 6 days a week -Long hours, low pay -Wage system developed -Farm work changed with the seasons, factory work was the same each day -Factories were not well lit or clean and therefore dangerous -No government aids to help solve these problems

7. Industrial Changes -Rise of capitalism – economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit -Division of labor -Assembly line -Mass production -Huge corporations develop -Monopolies -Unions -Business cycle – alternating period of prosperity and decline -This is where some of the wealthiest people in American history start their earnings – example – Cornelius Vanderbilt

8. Social Changes -Middle Class -New class based on economic standing rather than birth -Belief in morality and hard work -Effects on Women -Roles of women changed -Previously many were self-sufficient homemakers -Not possible in the cities -Growth of women in the workplace -Most as factory workers -Advocates for women’s rights emerge