Wireless Technologies Presented by Sean Shields And Gabriel Taveras

1. Wireless Technologies Presented by Sean Shields And Gabriel Taveras

2. Definition Term “Wireless” refers to all the communications sent and received without wires. So Wireless Technology Means a technology that use radio waves to transmit or receive data.

3. TYPES OF TECHNOLOGIES Wi-FiBluetoothCellular Wimax

4. INTRODUCTION: Wireless Fidelity termed as Wi-Fi uses the IEEE 802.11 specification to create a wireless local-area network. A Wi-Fi network basically consists of a wired connection to the Internet that leads to a wireless router for transmutation and receiving data from individual devices, connecting them not only to the outside world but also to each other.

5. HOW WIFI WORKS? • 1. All devices use a wireless adapter to convert request into a radio signal and broadcasts it into the air. • 2. The Wi-Fi device, or wireless router, picks up the signal and translates it back into its original form. • 3. The router passes the request to the Internet using a hardwired connection. • 4. The Internet returns the requested information to the router across the same connection. • 5. The router converts the information into a radio signal and broadcasts it into the air. • 6. The computer or cell phone's wireless adapter picks up the information and displays it on your screen

6. WIFI TOPOLOGIES • Wifi have following topologies • AP-based topology (Infrastructure Mode) • Peer-to-peer topology (Ad-hoc Mode) • Point-to-multipoint bridge topology

7. WiFi Network

8. Wireless Standards • 802.11 • In 1997, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) created the first WLAN standard. They called it 802.11 after the name of the group formed to oversee its development. Unfortunately, 802.11 only supported a maximum network bandwidth of 2 Mbps - too slow for most applications. For this reason, ordinary 802.11 wireless products are no longer manufactured.

9. Wireless Standards • 802.11b • IEEE expanded on the original 802.11 standard in July 1999, creating the 802.11b specification. 802.11b supports bandwidth up to 11 Mbps, comparable to traditional Ethernet.

10. Wireless Standards • 802.11a • Supports bandwidth up to 54 Mbps and signals in a regulated frequency spectrum around 5 GHz. This higher frequency compared to 802.11b shortens the range of 802.11a networks. The higher frequency also means 802.11a signals have more difficulty penetrating walls and other obstructions.

11. Wireless Standards • 802.11g • Attempts to combine the best of both 802.11a and 802.11b. 802.11g supports bandwidth up to 54 Mbps, and it uses the 2.4 Ghz frequency for greater range. 802.11g is backwards compatible with 802.11b, meaning that 802.11g access points will work with 802.11b wireless network adapters and vice versa.

12. Wireless Standards • 802.11n • The newest IEEE standard in the Wi-Fi category is 802.11n. • 802.11n connections support data rates of over 100 Mbps. 802.11n also offers somewhat better range over earlier Wi-Fi standards due to its increased signal intensity.

13. Wireless Technologies • Bluetooth • Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security. • Bluetooth supports a very short range (approximately 10 meters) and relatively low bandwidth (1-3 Mbps) designed for low-power network devices like handhelds.

14. Bluetooth • Bluetooth was standardized as IEEE 802.15.1, but the standard is no longer maintained. The SIG oversees the development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks. To be marketed as a Bluetooth device, it must be qualified to standards defined by the SIG. A network of patents is required to implement the technology, which is licensed only for that qualifying device.

15. Bluetooth vs. Wi-Fi • Bluetooth and Wi-Fi have some similar applications, setting up networks, printing, or transferring files. Wi-Fi is intended as a replacement for high speed cabling for general local area network access in work areas. Bluetooth was intended for portable equipment and its applications. Bluetooth is a replacement for cabling in a variety of personally carried applications in any setting and also works for fixed location applications such as smart energy functionality in the home (thermostats, etc.). • Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are to some extent complementary in their applications and usage. Wi-Fi is usually access point-centered. Bluetooth is usually between two Bluetooth devices. Bluetooth serves well in simple applications where two devices need to connect with minimal configuration like in headsets and remote controls, while Wi-Fi suits better in applications where some degree of client configuration is possible and high speeds are required.

16. Wireless Technologies • WiMax • WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates, with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. • WiMax was developed separately from Wi-Fi and is designed for long-range networking (spanning miles or kilometers) as opposed to local area wireless networking.

17. Wireless Technologies • WiMAX is sometimes referred to as “Wi-Fi on steroids” and can be used for a number of applications including broadband connections, cellular backhaul, and hotspots. It is similar to Wi-Fi, but it can enable usage at much greater distances.

18. Wireless LAN • A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices using some wireless distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM radio), and usually providing a connection through an access point to the wider Internet. This gives users the ability to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network.

19. Wireless LAN A communications network that provides connectivity to wireless devices within a limited geographic area. Wi-Fi is the universal standard for wireless networks and is the wireless equivalent of wired Ethernet networks.

20. Principles of WLAN • Stations • Basic Server Set • Extended Server Set • Distribution System

21. Stations • All components that can connect into a wireless medium in a network are referred to as stations. All stations are equipped with wireless network interface controllers (WNICs). Wireless stations fall into one of two categories: access points, and clients. Access points (APs), normally routers, are base stations for the wireless network. They transmit and receive radio frequencies for wireless enabled devices to communicate with.

22. Stations

23. Basic service set • The basic service set (BSS) is a set of all stations that can communicate with each other. Every BSS has an identification (ID) called the BSSID, which is the MAC address of the access point servicing the BSS. • There are two types of BSS: Independent BSS and infrastructure BSS. An independent BSS (IBSS) is an ad hoc network that contains no access points, which means they can not connect to any other basic service set.

24. Basic service set 1)Infrastructure BSS 2) Independent BSS

25. Extended service set • An extended service set (ESS) is a set of connected BSSs. Access points in an ESS are connected by a distribution system. Each ESS has an ID called the SSID which is a 32-byte (maximum) character string.

26. Distribution system • A distribution system (DS) connects access points in an extended service set. The concept of a DS can be used to increase network coverage through roaming between cells.

27. Advantages of WLAN • NO WIRES • It is easier to add or move workstations. • It is easier to provide connectivity in areas where it is difficult to lay cable. • Installation is fast and easy, and it can eliminate the need to pull cable through walls and ceilings. • Access to the network can be from anywhere within range of an access point.

28. WLAN • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAR52r0lEtw

29. Wireless Personal Area Network • A wireless personal area network is a low-range wireless network which covers an area of only a few dozen meters. This sort of network is generally used for linking peripheral devices to a computer, or just two nearby computers, without using a hard-wired connection. Eg. printers, cell phones, and home appliances or (PDA)

30. WPAN One such technology is Bluetooth.

31. Cellular Wide Area Networks • ACellular Wide Area Network is a wireless network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver, known as a cell site or base station. In a cellular network, each cell uses a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference and provide guaranteed bandwidth within each cell. When joined together these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area.

32. Cellular Wide Area Networks Some cellular modems are used with CardBus slots, or connect to a USB port. Cellular modems that use the GSM system require you to activate the SIM card, which contains subscriber details that identifies the caller to the network service provider. Cellular modems that use the CDMA system do not use SIM cards, but instead use a utility provided by the mobile network provider to make the connection to the cellular network.

33. Cellular Area Network

34. Cellular Wide Area Networks • 2 G • 2G (which stands for second-generation, 1G being the first-generation which operated at speeds between 2.9KBps and 5.6KBps.) technology was first commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland in 1991. 2G data rates range from 56 kbps up to 200 kbps depending upon your location.

35. Cellular Wide Area Networks • 3G (third-generation) mobile communications is specified by the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specification by the International Telecommunication Union. To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbps. Some locations can provide 3G data rates up to 2.5Mbps.

36. Cellular Wide Area Networks • 4G (fourth generation) cellular mobile communications is specified by the International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced (IMT-Advanced) specification. The IMT-Advanced standards require a peak speed of 100 Mbps for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 Gbps for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users).

37. Satellite Network • Satellite Internet access is Internet access provided through communications satellites. Modern satellite Internet service is typically provided to users through geostationary satellites that can offer high data speeds, with newer satellites achieving downstream data speeds up to 15 Mbps

38. Wireless Personal Area Network

39. Satellite Network • A SatelliteNetwork generally relies on three primary components: • Satellite • Gateway • Antenna dish/modem

40. Satellite • A satellite has its own set of antennas to receive communication signals from Earth and to transmit signals to their target location. These antennas and transponders are part of the satellite’s “payload”, which is designed to receive and transmit signals to and from various places on Earth. What enables this transmission and reception in the payload transponders is a repeater subsystem (RF (radio frequency) equipment) used to change frequencies, filter, separate, amplify and group signals before routing them to their destination address on Earth.

41. Gateways • The Gateway is also referred to as a ground station, teleport or hub. The term is sometimes used to describe just the antenna dish portion, or it can refer to the complete system with all associated components. In short, the gateway receives radio wave signals from the satellite on the last leg of the return or upstream payload, carrying the request originating from the end-user’s site.

42. Antenna dish/modem • Outdoor Unit • At the far-end of the outdoor unit is a small (2–3 foot diameter), reflective dish-type radio antenna constructed from and coated with a variety of materials. • There are four characteristic settings used to ensure that the antenna is configured correctly at the satellite.

43. Antenna dish/modem • Azimuth,( angular measurement) Elevation, Polarization, (the orientation of electromagnetic waves which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa), and Skew (It is a technique to improve the horizontal radiation pattern of a high power transmitter station). • The combination of these settings gives the outdoor unit a Line-of-sight to the chosen satellite and makes data transmission possible.

44. Antenna dish/modem • Indoor Unit • The Satellite Modem serves as an interface between the outdoor unit and customer provided equipment (i.e. PC, router) and controls satellite transmission and reception. • Coaxial cable (COAX) connectivity to the satellite antenna. The cable carrying electromagnetic satellite signals between the modem and the antenna generally is limited to be no more than 150 feet in length

45. Antenna dish/modem • Ethernet connectivity to the computer, carrying the customer’s data packets to and from the Internet content servers. • Satellite modems employ either the DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification) or WiMAX (World Interoperability for Microwave Access) telecommunication standard to communicate with the assigned gateway.

46. Satellite Networks • Examples: • Dish Network • Direct TV • GPS

47. How a satellite works • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBd4PkCZaUk

48. Current and Future Wireless APPS • AT & T • New APP • Car to Car

49. New APP II • AT&T APP

50. New APP • Car APP